U.S. Involvement in WWII

1. U.S. Involvement in WWII

2. The Lend-Lease Act • By 1940, Britain runs out of funds for war machine • Franklin Delano Roosevelt designs a plan to help Britain in the war (passed in March, 1941) • Lends or leases arms and other supplies to ‘any country whose defense was vital to the United States’ • Isolationists disagreed with the plan

3. Meanwhile… • Hitler breaks non-aggression pact (1939) with Stalin • Invades Soviet Union in 1941 • U.S. also lend arms to Russia (‘The enemy of my enemy is my friend’ – FDR)

4. The Atlantic Charter • August 1941: Roosevelt works on extending the draft • Churchill and Roosevelt establish the Atlantic Charter: A joint declaration of war aims (not a declaration of war) • Both countries pledged: ‘collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.’

5. Trouble at Sea • September 4, 1941: German submarine fires on the U.S. destroyer Greer in the Atlantic • Several other similar attacks from German U-Boats occurred over the following months.

6. Japan Attacks the U.S. • While Britain is at war with Germany, Japan seized the opportunity to expand its empire in east Asia.

7. Japan Attacks the U.S. • In 1941, Japan takes over French military bases in Indochina • U.S. protests and cuts off trade with Japan • Japan is left without oil to fuel its war machine • Japan is left with 2 options: • i. Persuade U.S. to end trade embargo • ii. Seize oil fields in Dutch East Indies (=war is imminent)

8. Japan Attacks the U.S. • November 5, 1941: prime minister Hideki Tojo orders the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the U.S. • December 6, 1941: Roosevelt received a decoded message that instructed Japan’s peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals • December 7, 1941: A Japanese dive-bomber followed by 180 Japanese warplanes bomb Pearl Harbor – largest U.S. naval base in Pacific

9. Japan Attacks the U.S. • In under 2 hours, the Japanese had killed 2,403 Americans and wounded 1,178 more. • Congress quickly approves Roosevelt’s request for a declaration of war against Japan. • Three days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. • Major turning point for U.S. isolationists.

10. War and the Economy • In 1940, defense spending increases dramatically. • Many U.S. Factories are revitalized by the nation’s preparation for war and converted to war production • American workers are hired and the U.S. emerges from the Great Depression • “Military Industrial Complex”

11. War and the Economy • Shipyard and defense plants underwent rapid expansion • Scientific industries experience growth • By 1944, 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (6 million women) • Why were so many women hired during the war?

12. The Manhattan Project • German scientists split uranium atom • Physicist Albert Einstein, a German refugee, warns Roosevelt that the Germans have likely begun work on the atomic bomb • In 1942, the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) sets up a program to develop an atomic bomb as quickly as possible (Manhattan Project)

13. The Battle of Stalingrad • Germans begin invasions of Russian cities Leningrad and Moscow beginning June 1941. • Summer 1942: Germans invade Stalingrad, a major industrial city in southern Russia (access to oil fields) • First major turning point for the Allies

14. German invasions of Russia

15. The Battle of Stalingrad • August 1942: Germans invade Stalingrad with air raids and ground troops • By November 1942, Germans control 9/10 of the city • Soviet officers consider abandoning city and destroying factories • Stalin ordered Soviet troops to defend the city at any cost

16. The Battle of Stalingrad • All is nearly lost for the Soviets in Stalingrad UNTIL Winter sets in • Winter allows Soviets time to regroup and acquire fresh tanks to mount a counterattack. • Soviets closed around Stalingrad, trapping German troops and cutting off their supplies

17. The Battle of Stalingrad

18. The Battle of Stalingrad • Germans’ situation becomes hopeless • Soviets lost a total of 1,100,000 soldiers (more than all American deaths in the entire war) • Soviet army begins westward movement toward Germany

19. Critical Thinking #4 • Read pp. 550 – 564 in your textbook. • Imagine you are the U.S. President in the years before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. How would you convince isolationists that U.S. entry into WWII is necessary? Write a 2 paragraph response that uses specific historical examples to support your stance. (Hint: think about the relationship between war and the U.S. economy, the future of democracy, German military aggression, etc.)

20. Critical Thinking #4 • Due Thursday, February 24: Read pp. 553 -558 in your textbook • Imagine you are the president of the United States just before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Write a two-paragraph response describing what your plan of action would be. Would you formally declare war against the Axis powers (Germany, Japan, Italy), or would you take an isolationist stance? How would you convince those with differing opinions that your plan is the best course of action? Use specific historical examples to support your stance (assume that you don’t know about the atrocities of the Holocaust)