AP European Review

1. AP European Review The Post-War World

2. 1. Before 1980, which two countries made serious (but unsuccessful) attempts to break away from Soviet control? • Hungary and Poland • Yugoslavia and Poland • Poland and Czechoslovakia • China and Hungary • Hungary and Czechoslovakia

3. 2. The Arab oil embargo of 1973 • led to the high inflation that undercut the economies of Europe for the remainder of the decade • had relatively little impact because fuel reserves throughout Europe remained adequate • brought about an East-West rapprochement as the Eastern Bloc provided much needed coal • brought about increased tensions among the countries of the European Union • led to a dramatic upsurge in the use of alternative energy

4. 3. Following World war II, up to the 1960s, Europe's population • declined due to Cold war conflicts • surpassed that of Asia and Africa • stagnated with the onset of artificial contraception • rose because of an increasing birth rate • fluctuated depending on the economy

5. answers • 1. E • 2. A • 3. D

6. 4. In the immediate post-World War II period most Western European states • began to scale back on their more generous entitlement programs • expanded social services only for the poor and elderly • continued to limit their spending on social service programs • focused on industrial expansion at the expense of social spending. • greatly expanded their social service programs for all their citizens

7. 5. Which Western European power experienced the greatest degree of conflict in its decolonization efforts after 1945? • West Germany • Belgium • Great Britain • The Netherlands • France

8. 6. How did Gorbachev's policies open the way to changes in the USSR? • His perestroika provisions allowed the central economy to reorganize its power. • Glastnost allowed the government to issue its new policies with a clarity that assuaged the public's worries. • Glastnost was the first time in 70 years that Soviet society experienced a liberalization of policies. • Perestroika underscored the deep problems in the economy and threatened traditional economic power. • Perestroika allowed so many western items to come in that the people demanded the same possibilities.

9. Answers • 4. E • 5. E • 6. D

10. 7. At the Second Vatican Council, a major goal for the Catholic Church was to • support the overthrow of communism in Eastern Europe • modernize the church's position on birth control • seek reconciliation for the papacy's actions during the Holocaust • open dialogues with other faiths and modernism • elect the first non-Italian pope since the fifteenth century

11. 8. The American policy of containment during the Cold war involved • easing tension with the Soviet Union through spheres of influence • invading Eastern Europe to liberate that area from Soviet oppression • halting the spread of communism through a variety of means • extending economic aid for humanitarian relief efforts • preventing the spread of Western Europe as a competing power

12. 9. Which issues contributed most to the schism between China and the Soviet Union? • Mao's insistence on a different form of Marxism • Chinese stand on Taiwan • Soviet repression of the Hungarian revolution • Soviet backing of India • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

13. Answers • 7. D • 8. C • 9. D

14. 10. Which of the following describes a major social change in Europe after World War II? • Birthrates increased, as states encouraged population growth. • The standard of living remained at wartime levels. • Life expectancy decreased for the next several decades. • Extended families became common, to pool scarce resources. • The number of workers in scientific fields decreased.

15. 11. In the 1970s one of the biggest threats facing the Italian government • the collapse of the lire • the increasing strength of the Italian Communist Party • the inability to increase industrial output • the reemergence of fascism as a political force • was the escalation of political terrorism

16. 12. Which of the following is true of the Second Vatican Council? • It promoted the ecumenical movement. • It authorized the marriage of priests. • It reaffirmed the Syllabus of Errors. • It was opposed by Pope John XXIII. • It decreed that the Mass be said in Latin.

17. Answers • 10. A • 11. E • 12. A

18. 13. Existentialism is a post-World War II philosophy focusing on • opposing the Cold War division of Europe • developing a universal code of values • the need for revival of religious belief • the importance of human choice and responsibility • a view of humans as determined by outside forces

19. 14. Which of the following best describes the economic policies of Western European governments after World War II? • a gradual reassertion of laissez-faire economic theory • nationalization of most industries to provide full employment • provision for welfare programs such as old-age pensions • movement toward the command economic model • focus on the agricultural sector at the expense of industry

20. 15. The Western European country which stepped back from the process of European economic and military unity in the late 1950s and 1960s was • West Germany • Italy • Great Britain • France • the Netherlands

21. Answers • 13. D • 14. C • 15. D

22. 16. Which of the following accurately characterizes a major cause of the Cold War? • Soviet offers of economic aid to Western Europe • the early Soviet monopoly of nuclear weapons • disagreements over whether to de-Nazify Germany • the superpowers' differing political systems • American designs on controlling Eastern Europe

23. 17. Charles de Gaulle encouraged France to develop its own nuclear force because • the conflict in Indochina would hinge on whether the French had nuclear arms. • the expense of a nuclear force allowed the French to reduce the size of their conventional forces • he doubted America's will to use its nuclear weapons in times of war. • he remained concerned about Soviet intentions • he wanted France to still be considered a great power

24. 18. Comparing the results of the two world wars, which of the following had the most influence on the development of a cold war? • Global economic power dispersed among many different regions. • The first treaties were too unequal to allow the build up of opposing factions. • There were few animosities among the winners of the Great War. • A successful victory led to an inevitable rebalance of global political power. • No powerful coalition can succeed without an opposing group.

25. Answers • 16. E • 17. D • 18. D

26. 19. Which of the following is NOT associated with the European Union? • The European Union standing army • immigration issues • The European Economic Community • The Maastricht Treaty • The euro replacing the currency of individual countries

27. 20. The initial reaction of the Russian government to the fighting that broke out in Chechnya in the 1990s demonstrated that Russia • would defend its remaining republics against foreign invasion • was unwilling to grant independence to dissenting ethnic groups • needed the United States' resources to ensure stability in the region • favored re-establishing communism • had little control over its arsenal of nuclear weapons

28. 21. the main purpose of the Treaty of Maastricht was to • adapt a common immigration policy among the European Union countries • open up the European Union to Russia • establish unified military forces to be used with NATO • create a common currency system and a central banking system for the European system • negotiate a reduction in tariff with the United States

29. Answers • 19. A • 20. B • 21. D

30. 22. In terms of domestic policy, Brezhnev • turned the economy away from heavy industry to consumer goods • expanded Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program • reduced military spending. • partially re-Stalinized Russia • gave greater autonomy to the non-Russian minorities in the Soviet Union

31. 23. All of the following were characteristics of life during the Brezhnev era EXCEPT • lack of consumer goods • poor economic production by Soviet industry • lack of artistic freedom • victory in the war against Afghanistan • strict government control by the Soviet bureaucracy

32. 24. Which of the following best characterizes the impact of the 1968 student revolts in France on the government of President Charles de Gaulle? • Political instability forced de Gaulle to withdraw France from NATO. • De Gaulle was forced to request American aid in subduing the revolt. • The government and students reached a power-sharing agreement. • De Gaulle survived the revolt, but growing unpopularity led to his resignation. • Radical socialists used the event to overthrow the Fifth Republic.

33. Answers • 22. D • 23. D • 24. D

34. 25. Milosevic's policy of "ethnic cleansing" was • the forced removal of non-Serbian groups from Serbian-controlled areas • a way to ensure peace throughout Yugoslavia • a treaty with the former Soviet Union • a way to unite all Serbs and non-Serbs into a greater Yugoslavia • a plan of attack against his neighboring countries

35. 26. German unification in October 1990 • was strongly opposed by the French • occurred with remarkably few problems since the West Germans had planned for this moment for decades • led to renewed calls to redraw the post-war boundaries of Germany and their Eastern European neighbors. • was secretly opposed by the United States • was achieved at an economic cost far higher than expected

36. 27. In the 1990s governments across Western Europe have begun to reassess • their commitment to providing cradle-to-grave social services • their commitment to NATO • their commitment to the Common Market • their need for economic assistance from Europe • their over-reliance on imported oil

37. Answers • 25. A • 26. E • 27. A