Leaving Certificate History

1. Leaving Certificate History The Eucharistic Congress, 1932:helping students to assess historical significance http://pdst.ie/postprimary

2. Helping students to assess historical significance • Exploring historical significance of Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Increasing focus on students’ ability to think critically • The enquiry-focused approach: rationale • Card-sorting and critical skills (Booklet, pages 63-66)

3. The enquiry-focused approach Aims • To give a clear focus to a series of lessons • To clarify for all concerned what the learning purposes are • To ensure that the sequence of lessons is leading to improved understanding on the part of the students

4. Helping students to assess historical significance: five Rs • Remarkable • Remembered • Resonant • Resulting in change • Revealing

5. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Questions to focus on significance • Proposed enquiry question: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Selected focus areas

6. Ireland and the Catholic Church in the 1920s and 1930s: a contextual overview • Catholic identity of Free State • Influence of Catholic Church on CumannnanGaedheal government • Influence of Catholic Church on FiannaFáil government • Church role in health and social services, and popularity of devotional practices • Church response to economic depression • Sense of identification with Catholic interests overseas • Protestant identity in Free State • Catholics in Northern Ireland

7. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932: an overview • Purpose, timing, nature • Government involvement • Cardinal Lauri’s role • Dublin, decorated and lit; Phoenix Park mass • Impact of Congress

8. Timeline • Preparation: retreats, triduum, Cardinal Lauri’s arrival, Blackrock College garden party, state banquet • Events of the Congress, 22-26 June • High point: Phoenix Park mass, 26 June

9. Glossary • Developing students’ historical literacy • Key terms: alderman, apostolic nuncio, benediction, bishop, blessed sacrament, cardinal, Catholic Emancipation, confraternity, curia, encyclical, Eucharist, holy see, papal legate, pontifical, rosary, sodality, triduum

10. Biographical notes • Significant Church figures (Irish, international) • Significant government figures (politicians, civil servant, diplomat) • Lay Director of Organisation • Significant others (GK Chesterton, Count John McCormack, Matt Talbot)

11. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Exploring its significance • A possible hook: Seven Ages clip • Questions for teachers • Task for students

12. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 1: The Irish Free State and the Vatican, 1922-1932

13. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 2: Preparations for the Congress

14. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Source 2b TheEucharistic Congress will be held in the month of June, 1932, and will be the occasion of the greatest international gathering that has ever occurred in Ireland.Few peoples of the earth will be unrepresented when the Congress meets in Dublin. Preparations have been taking place for the past two years … The Irish Times, 29 December, 1931

15. http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Official_Crest_of_the_31st_International_Eucharistic_Congress_1932http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Official_Crest_of_the_31st_International_Eucharistic_Congress_1932

16. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 3: The 1932 general election

17. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 4: The arrival of Cardinal Lauri

18. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Source 4B There were just a few things that we didn’t quite understand. For instance, when our steamer entered the harbour of Dublin (it was actually Dun Laoghaire harbour), we saw the Nuncio with the Diplomatic Corps, the Bishops and an enormous crowd. We wondered if it were possible that the Government was not present. Then a group of men in dark coats and soft hats whom we had taken for detectives came up to us. They were the Ministers. Cardinal Lauri upon his return to Rome after the Congress quoted in Bewley’s memoirs, cited in Keogh, D. Ireland and the Vatican: The Politics and Diplomacy of Church-State Relations 1922-1960. Cork: University Press, 1995, p 96.

19. http://multitext.ucc.ie/viewgallery/1208

20. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 http://www.ucd.ie/news/dec05/devalera_slideshow/devalera_slideshow_22.htm

21. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 5: Receptions for the Cardinal

22. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Secondary Source 2 When the Papal Legate arrived there was great applause. From a balcony overlooking the grounds he surveyed the scene in glorious sunshine. Raising his hand to bestow a blessing on the crowd it appeared that virtually everyone in the vast gathering knelt to receive his blessing. A pause followed, which was eventually broken by one person in the crowd who began to sing ‘Faith of our Fathers.’ In a remarkably spontaneous gesture the entire crowd began to sing the hymn in unison. O’Dwyer, R. The Eucharistic Congress, Dublin 1932: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Nonsuch, 2009, pp.64,65

23. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 6: Dublin – City of Lights

24. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Irish Times photographic slideshow on the Congress http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/gallery/2012/06/05/eucharistic-congress-dublin-1932/

25. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 7: Mass meetings for men and women and the Children’s Mass

26. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Source 7C Although my expectations on coming here were very high, and I had prepared myself to witness something that was extraordinary, I am obliged to say that in all truth what has occurred is far beyond anything that I could have perceived as possible. I have been inspired and edified to an extent which is beyond the power of words to describe, and I know that God in His goodness will bless you all most abundantly for this wonderful tribute of love and of fidelity which you have given. Extract from address by Cardinal Lauri at mass meeting for men, 23 June, Phoenix Park, cited in O’Dwyer, R. The Eucharistic Congress, Dublin 1932: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Nonsuch, 2009, p.83.

27. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 8: The role of Count John McCormack

28. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Secondary Source 3 Standing at the high altar, McCormack, resplendent in his papal uniform, had the biggest live audience of his career. From Ledbetter, Gordon, The Great Irish Tenor: John McCormack, Dublin: Townhouse, 2003, p.219.

29. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 9: High Mass in Phoenix Park

30. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 Source 9B Flung together in their hundreds of thousands, like the sands on the seashore, these people were merely parts of a great organism which was performing a tremendous act of faith, with no more ego in them than the sands themselves. The Irish Times, 27 June 1932

32. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 10: Protestant perspectives on a Catholic event

33. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • The enquiry: In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? • Focus area 11: The Congress ends

34. http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/gallery/2012/06/05/eucharistic-congress-dublin-1932/http://www.irishtimes.com/blogs/gallery/2012/06/05/eucharistic-congress-dublin-1932/

35. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Card sorting and critical skills • Rationale • Potential for literacy development

36. Group activity Critical skills exercise

37. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Post-Congress reflections • What do any of these sources add to our understanding of the significance of the Congress? • What differing perspectives on the Catholic Church in 1932 are expressed by the two historians in Secondary Source 4 and Secondary Source 5?

38. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • Historians’ views (Secondary sources A-D) • Interrogating the historians (p.70)

39. In what ways was the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 historically significant? Yourconclusions on the enquiry Booklet p.70

40. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 • For a good selection of images relating to the Congress, see the gallery of images on the Multitext website: http://multitext.ucc.ie/viewgallery/1208

41. The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 The following short film currently available on YouTube was produced by students of the MA in the History of the Media, School of History and Archives, UCD: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKR7olqpL80

42. http://pdst.ie/postprimary