Asia

1. Asia Asia and Southeast Asia China Korea Japan

2. Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty Canal linking Yellow and Yangtze Rivers Civil Service Han Dynasty - Falls 220 Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Added Tibet Good economy

3. Song Dynasty • A period of economic and cultural achievement • China’s northern neighbors were a threat, which caused the Song rulers to move the imperial court farther South to Hangzhou.

4. Civil service exam and Social Classes • Picked civil servants by merit • Undermined the power of the aristocrats • Created a new class of called the gentry (Nobles) • Passing the exam was crucial for a government career • Preparation for it began at a young age, students memorized Confucian classics. A text’s meaning was explained only after it was completely memorized. Manual labor was forbidden to these students. • The Song introduced the practice of “name covering.” Test graders did not know the name of the students whose exams they were grading.

5. Social Classes Gentry (Nobles) Wealthy landowners Civil Servants Scholars of Confucius Peasants – Farmers and villagers Merchants

6. Women • Patriarchal Society Sympathize with • Can never remarry • Began the practice of foot binding • Dowry - money or goods paid to encourage the husband to marry the daughter

7. Government • Expanded Bureaucracy Bureaucracy– Administrative layers set up to carry out order • Primarily a farming society • Food abundance: • The Song tried to weaken the landowners power and help the poor peasants get their own land • Advances in farming techniques and Technological advances of steel to make swords, sickles, and plows • The introduction of cotton made new kinds of clothes

8. Technology Gunpowder- invented during the Tang dynasty and used for celebrations and to make an explosive weapon called a fire-lance, which shot out flame and projectiles up to 40 yards. Printing - Woodblock printing was developed during the Tang dynasty. Books could be mass produced. In the eleventh century, the Chinese invented movable type.

9. Trade New Products Abundanceof Food stimulated trade Silk Road renewed

10. Mongols - nomadic people from the Gobi Desert area • Mongolia – A land to the north of China. From there came a group of loosely into clans called the Mongol • Mongols created the largest land empire in history comprising much of the Eurasian landmass.

11. The effects of Mongol domination • Justice – All people, Mongol and Non-Mongol, received equal justice • Religious freedom for native beliefs and Islam • Respect for learning • Law and order • Strong economy as a result of law and order and extensive trade routes • Centralized government bureaucracy

12. Mongolia

14. Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions in 1200

17. ██ Mongol Empire By 1294 the empire had split into: ██Golden Horde ██Chagatai Khanate ██Ilkhanate ██ Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty)

18. 8 percent of the men living in the region of the former Mongol empire carry the y-chromosomes that are nearly identical and correlate to the know male decedents of Genghis Khan. That translates to ½ percent of the male population in the world, or roughly 16 million descendants living today.

19. This map reflects the Mongol Empire in 1227, when Genghis Khan died. His descendants expanded into Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and all of China. Following Mongol custom, the empire was divided among his sons into several khanates. Mongol forces soon attacked the Persians, Abbasids and the Song.

21. Genghis Khan • A ruler by the name ofTemujin gradually unified the Mongols in 1206 • He was elected Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”) at a massive meeting in the Gobi Desert. He devoted himself to conquest.

23. Kublai Khan – 1279 Completed conquering the Song. He established the Yuan dynasty in China. He established the capital at Khanbaliq (“the city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing. Invaded Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and JapanMongol military tactics, such as cavalry charges and siege warfare, were not effective in these largely tropical, hilly regions. These Mongol campaigns failed.

24. Rule of the Chinese They adapted to the Chinese political system and used Chinese bureaucrats. The Mongols formed their own class, however, staffing the highest positions in the bureaucracy.

25. Marco Polo • - wrote a diary of his travels that sparked a desire by Europeans to trade with China

26. Fall of the Mongol dynasty – • too much spending on foreign conquests • corruption • growing internal instability • In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, ended the Mongol dynasty, and established the Ming dynasty.

27. Religion • By the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism and Daoism had emerged to rival Confucianism. Confucianism reemerged during the Song dynasty, and held its dominance until the early twentieth century • Neo-Confucianism. It differs from the original Confucianism by teaching that the world is real, not illusory, and that fulfillment comes from participation

28. Neo-Confucianist • divide the world into material and spiritual worlds that are linked by humans. We live in the material world but are linked with the Supreme Ultimate in the spiritual world. The goal of humans is to unify with the Supreme Ultimate, through a careful examination of the moral principles that rule the universe.

29. Literature and Art • Printing • Poetry • Painting • Porcelain

30. Geography of Japan • Japanis an archipelago, a chain of islands, with four main islands where the population is concentrated • Hokkaido • Honshu • Kyushu • Shikoku

31. Landform and topography • - Mostly mountainous, about 11 percent of the land can be farmed. Japan is prone to earthquakes • Geographically isolated - the Japanese developed a number of unique qualities due to their isolation, which contributed to the Japanese belief that they had a destiny separate from other peoples.

32. Feudal system • - Japanese first settled in the Yamato plain near present-day Osaka and Kyoto. Society was comprised of clans, and the people were divided into a small aristocratic class and a large group of farmers, artisans, and servants. Feudalism developed - Local rulers protected the population in return for a share of the harvest.

33. Shotoku Taishi (early seventh century) tried to unify the clans to resist Chinese invasion. To do this, he imitated to a degree the Chinese structure of government. He wanted a supreme ruler over a centralized government to limit the aristocrats’ power and enhance his own. The ruler was portrayed as a divine figure and the symbol of Japan.

34. Samurai(“those who serve”) • – A professional fighter how pledged protection to a lord in return for wealth, similar to knights of Europe

35. Bushido (“the way of the warrior”) – The samurai code that stated above all the samurai were loyal to their lord and employer

36. Shogunate - a centralized government under a military ruler, or shogun, who had the real power, not the emperor.

37. Minamoto Yoritomo - defeated several rivals and set up a centralized government near modern Tokyo • Yoritomo’s Kamakura shogunate lasted from 1192 to 1333

38. Mongol Invasion - In 1281 Kublai Kahn invaded Japan with vastly superior forces. A typhoon destroyed almost the entire Mongol fleet. Japan would not have foreign invaders again until 1945.

39. Kamikaze – Divine winds, the name for the typhoon that destroyed the Mongol invaders. The term was later used during World War II for pilots who crashed their planes into ships and other targets

40. Daimyo (“great names”) – People who controlled vast landed estates that were tax exempt and relied on the samurai for protection

41. Food - Abundant rainfall allowed many farmers grow wet rice, or rice grown in flooded fields. • Trade - began to develop during the Kamakura period with Korea and China • Manufacturing - Industries such as paper, iron casting, and porcelain emerged.

42. Women – • Had a level of equality with men in early Japan. An 8th century law guaranteed inheritance rights for women and abandoned wives could divorce and remarry. • Women were considered subordinate to men. A husband could divorce on the grounds of the wife talking too much, having a serious illness, or being unable to produce a male child. • Women were the most productive writers of prose in Japan because men in early Japan believed prose fiction was merely “vulgar gossip.” Women wrote diaries, stories, and novels to pass the time.

43. kami- spirits believed to reside in nature. They also believed their own ancestors were in the air around them. • Shinto(“the Sacred Way” or “the Way of the Gods”) – The Japanese state religion based on the beliefs of Kami, with the belief that the emperor is divine • Zen – A form of Buddhism that believes there are different ways to achieve enlightenment, a state of pure being, by introducing conflicting ideas and studying them as a way to understand truth.

44. Emergence of Korea • Geography - The Korean Peninsula is a mountainous region off of China • Heavily influenced by China

45. Decline of Buddhism • Theravada (“the teachings of the elders”) – A group who saw Buddhism as a way of life, a philosophy, not a religion. They claimed that understanding one’s self is the chief way to gain nirvana, or release from the “wheel of life.” • Mahayana – A group thatstressed that nirvana was achieved through devotion to the Buddha. To Mahayana, Buddhism is a religion, not a philosophy. The Buddha was not just a wise man but also a divine figure. Nirvana is a true heaven. Through devotion to the Buddha people can achieve salvation in this heaven after death.

46. Impact of Timur Lenk • The Sultanate of Delhi declined by the end of the fourteenth century. A new military force raided Delhi and then retreated, but not before massacring 100,000 Hindu prisoners. The commander was Timur Lenk(Tamerlane). • Timur Lenk ruled a Mongol state based in Samarkand. He seized power in 1369 and began conquering. He placed Mesopotamia and the region east of the Caspian Sea under his control.

47. Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia • Malay Peninsula - a mainland region extending southward from China • Archipelago(chain of islands) - that makes up modern Indonesia and the Philippines. • The mainland has many mountain ranges, between which are fertile valleys and densely forests that cut off people from one another. • Southeast Asia is one of the few parts of Asia that never unified under a single government

48. Formation of States • Vietnam - The Vietnamese were one of the first people in Southeast Asia to develop their own culture and state. China conquered them in 111 B.C., but they failed for centuries to make Vietnam part of China. • Vietnamese rulers adapted the Chinese model of governing after overthrowing the Chinese in the tenth century. The new Vietnamese state—Dai Viet (Great Viet)— adopted Confucianism, Chinese courts, and the civil service examination

49. Angkor - A kingdom that arose in the 9th century in present-day Cambodia, after the powerful leader Jayavarman united the Khmer people. He was crowned god-king in 802. Angkor (Khmer Empire) was the most powerful mainland state in Southeast Asia. • Thailand - the Thai began moving southward because of the Mongol invasion of China. The migrating Thais destroyed the Angkor capital in 1432. The Thai converted to Buddhism and borrowed Indian political practices, but evolved their own distinct blend that became the culture of present-day. • Burma – A group of people that migrated from Tibet beginning in the seventh century A.D. to escape advancing Chinese armies.

50. Economic Forces • Agricultural societies – Economy primarily based on the production of food • Trading societies – Economy primarily based on the trading of goods • Merchants from India and the Arabian Peninsula sailed to the Indonesian islands to bring back cloves, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and precious woods like teak and sandalwood that the wealthy in China and Europe wanted