1.3

1. 1.3 The Reformation

2. Causes of the Reformation • Secular ideas challenge the Church • Printing press spreads ideas • Kings jealous of Church’s wealth • Pope seen as a foreign ruler • Merchants in Northern Europe did not want to pay taxes to Rome

3. Martin Luther • Luther upset with abuses of the Church • Church selling indulgences • Indulgence = pardon • People can’t buy their way into heaven http://www.sfpulpit.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/luther.jpg

4. Martin Luther • Posts objections of Church on doors – 95 Theses • Only God can grant forgiveness – prayer alone acceptable; “good works” not needed • Teachings should be based on the Bible – Church and priests are false authorities • All people of faith are equal – individuals can interpret the Bible on their own

5. Response to Luther • Church insulted by Luther’s viewpoints • Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declares Luther a heretic (Edict of Worms) • People apply Luther’s teachings – revolt against German princes • Luther upset by riots, urges princes to squash riots • Peasants feel betrayed by Luther

6. Response to Luther • Many German princes support Luther • See way to remove Roman influence & take Church property • War breaks out between groups of princes – for and against Luther • Princes supporting Luther sign protest agreement against Rome – hence the term “Protestant”

7. Response to Luther • Charles V gets involved in war • Catholics win war, but can’t force princes back into Catholic Church • Peace of Augsburg allows German princes to decide religion for own state

8. King Henry VIII of England • King Henry “needs” a son to continue bloodline and keep power in family • Married to Catherine of Aragon • Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella • Aunt to Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) • Catherine a widow to Henry’s brother • Pope grants special condition to allow Henry and Catherine to wed

9. King Henry VIII • Catherine has one living child – Mary • Henry concerned Catherine will have no more children – threatens his power • Anne Boleyn one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/webpics/Anne_Boleyn.jpg

10. King Henry VIII • Anne Boleyn (and her father) desire more power and influence with King Henry • King Henry falls in love with Anne Boleyn • Anne Boleyn plays hard to get – makes Henry want her even more • Henry wants to annul marriage with Catherine to wed Anne Boleyn

11. King Henry VIII • Pope won’t grant annulment • Henry breaks away from Catholic Church and starts Church of England with him as the leader • Marries Anne Boleyn – has one daughter: Elizabeth (ends up being England’s greatest monarch) • No son = beheads Anne Boleyn

12. King Henry VIII • Marries Jane Seymour – has son: Edward • Jane Seymour dies from complications of childbirth • Marries Anne of Cleves – divorces her • Marries Catherine Howard – beheads her • Marries Catherine Parr – she outlives him

13. King Henry VIII • Edward too young to rule by himself – had Protestant advisors • Mary takes over after Edward – brings back Catholic faith to England • Elizabeth = queen after Mary

14. Queen Elizabeth • Returns England to Protestantism • Sets up Anglican Church • Compromise between Catholic and Protestant • Priests can marry & give service in English (Protestant) • Keeping of extravagant clothing (Catholic) • Constantly facing challenges • Overthrow by Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) • Needs $$