Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends

1. Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends Lecture 23

2. Fossils • Recognizable evidence of ancient life • Fossilized hard parts (most common) • Trace fossils (indirect evidence)

3. Fossils and the Great Flood! • Fossils of seashells have been found in rock layers high in the mountains • How did they get there? • Initial explanation was that they had been deposited during the biblical flood

4. Evidence of Past Life • It all began really in the 1700s - mining, tunneling, etc. • Excavations unearthed similar fossil sequences in distant places • Scholars began to view these findings as evidence of the connection between Earth history and the history of life

5. Fossilization • Organism becomes buried in ash or sediments • Rapid burial and a lack of oxygen aid in preservation • The organic remains become infused with metal and mineral ions

6. The only way we know anything at all about prehistoric life is through fossils. • Some people refer to specimens of dinosaurs as "dinosaur bones", but in fact, they are not. • No organic material can remain unchanged for millions of years. • That is why, the only pieces of the past that survive to be looked upon by human eyes, do so as rocks, or fossils, as they are called when they came from living organisms. • So really, there are no dinosaur bones left anywhere, just the ones that have been turned to stone.

7. How do things turn to stone, or become fossilized? • First of all, a very small amount of prehistoric life got fossilized. • In order for this phenomenon to take place, conditions had to be exactly right. • It was just like winning the prehistoric lottery. • Only the hard parts of an organism can become fossilized, such as teeth, claws, shells, and bones. The soft body parts are usually lost, except for in very special conditions.

8. There are many ways for an organism to get preserved, but lets explain the general way in which most fossils form. • First of all, fossils only occur in sedimentary rock, no others. • Here is a basic example of what happens when fossilization occurs. • An organism, let's just say, a dinosaur, dies. • Their flesh and other tissues is probably eaten by carnivorous animals, leaving just the bones.

9. Let's say, just by chance, that this whole ordeal took place in an area with lots of sand, very near to a river. • Let's also say that the bones were left undisturbed just long enough for the wind to blow sand and sediments over top of them, causing them to lie a little bit underground. • Over the years, and we mean thousands of years, the sediments slowly pile up over top of the bones, until they are buried far underneath the ground. • Let's say the river floods or changes it's course too, and the land over the top gets covered in water.

10. While this is going on, the minerals in the bones, calciums and hydroxyapatite, get replaced, one by one, with the minerals in the sand. • Due to the great pressure over top, the lower levels of sediment get pressed together to form sedimentary rock, with the bones still in it. • Eventually, millions of years pass by, and there is no organic material left in the bones, they are now solid rock, and are buried deep below the surface, incased in sedimentary rocks. • One day, someone is digging deep into a quarry, and notices these bones, now fossils.

11. Stratification • Fossils are found in sedimentary rock • This type of rock is formed in layers • In general, layers closest to the top were formed most recently

13. What Do Fossils Tell Us? • As a result of mutations, natural selection, and drift, each species is a mosaic of ancestral and novel traits • All species that ever evolved are related to one another by way of descent

15. Radiometric Dating parent isotope in newly formed rock after one half-lives after two half-lives

16. Geologic Time Scale • Archean eon (oldest interval) • Proterozoic eon • Paleozoic era • Mesozoic era • Cenozoic era (most recent) • Boundaries based on abrupt transitions in fossil record • Correspond to mass extinctions

19. Macroevolution Macroevolution can be defined simply as evolution above the species level Microevolution takes place over a number of generations within species i. e. the TICK and Anti-tick Shampoo example last lecture

20. Continental Drift • Idea that the continents were once joined and have since “drifted” apart • Initially based on the shapes • Pangea: theoretical supercontinent

21. Evidence of Movement • Evidence cited from glacial deposits and fossils • Later was discovered that magnetic orientations in ancient rocks do not align with the magnetic poles • Discovery of seafloor spreading provided a possible mechanism

22. Plate Tectonics • Earth’s crust is fractured into plates • Movement of plates is driven by upwelling of molten rock at mid-oceanic ridges • As seafloor spreads, older rock is forced down into trenches

23. Forces of Change island arc oceanic crust oceanic ridge trench continental crust lithosphere (solid layer of mantle) hot spot athenosphere (plastic layer of mantle) subducting plate

24. Gondwana • Supercontinent preceding Pangea • Same series of glacial deposits, coal seams, and basalt are found in Africa, India, Australia, and South America • Antarctica contains same fossils as other southern continents

25. Changing Land Masses 420 mya 260 mya 65 mya 10 mya

26. Comparative Morphology • Comparing body forms and structures of major lineages • Guiding principle: • When it comes to introducing change in morphology, evolution tends to follow the path of least resistance

27. Morphological Divergence • Change from the body form of a common ancestor • Produces homologous structures that may serve different functions

28. 1 2 3 Morphological Divergence PTEROSAUR 4 1 2 CHICKEN 3 STEM REPTILE 2 PENGUIN 3 1 2 3 4 1 5 PORPOISE 2 4 5 3 1 2 BAT 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 HUMAN 5

29. Morphological Convergence • Individuals of different lineages evolve in similar ways under similar environmental pressures • Produces analogous structures that serve similar functions

30. Comparative Development • Each animal or plant proceeds through a series of changes in form • Similarities in these stages may be clues to evolutionary relationships • Mutations that disrupt a key stage of development are selected against

31. Developmental Changes • Changes in the onset, rate, or time of completion of development steps can cause allometric changes • Adult forms that retain juvenile features

32. Proportional Changes in Skull Chimpanzee Human

33. Kansas State School Board • For the sake of their children… • Best to leave both politics and religion out of schools (per the instructions of the founders of the US). • Teach science in science classes and not religion. • Don’t be afraid of the scientific facts • Let each family decide what they should believe

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