Partnerships around food and nutrition security information flows in Zambia

1. Flickr (IFPRI2009) Partnerships around food and nutrition security information flows in Zambia Klaus Droppelmanna, Chance Kabagheb, Rhoda Mofya-Mukukaband Teunis van Rheenenc aIndependent consultant to International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) b Indaba Agricultural Resarch Policy Institute (IAPRI) c International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

2. Flickr (Milo Mitchell/IFPRI 2013) Organisation of the presentation: • Evolution of food and nutrition security definitions and concepts • Key players in Zambia’s food and nutrition sector • Efforts to monitor food and nutrition security and their gaps • A proposal: Towards a Food and Nutrition Security Dashboard (FSDN)

3. (Klaus Droppelmann 2010) Evolution of food and nutrition security definitions and concepts United Nations World Food Summit in Rome 1974: Food Security is “the availability at all times of adequate world supplies of basic foodstuffs, primarily cereals, so as to avoid acute food shortages in the event of widespread crop failures or natural disasters, sustain a steady expansion of production and reduce fluctuations in production and prices (FAO, 1974)”.

4. Flickr (Anna-Marie Ball/IFPRI 2007) Maxwell (1996) claims food security underwent three paradigm shifts: • from the global and the national to the household and the individual, • from a food first perspective to a livelihood perspective, and (c) from objective indicators to subjective perception.

5. Flickr (IFPRI 2007) Stability Availability Access Utilisation United Nations World Food Summit in Rome 1996: “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO 2006).

6. FIVIMS conceptual framework (FAO 2000) Nutritional Status Utilisation of Food (trends and levels) Energy & Nutrient intake / adsorbtion Stability of Food Systems (variability) Household income, Social entitlement, Price & Weather shocks Access to Food (trends and levels) Purchasing power Market integration Market access Availability of Food (trends and levels) Production Imports Food Balance

7. FIVIMS conceptual framework (FAO 2000) of Individuals Nutritional Status Utilisation of Food (trends and levels) Energy & Nutrient intake / adsorbtion Health & Sanitation Food safety Water qualitySanitation Care Practices Nutrition education Child Care Food preparation HH livelihood strategies h Stability of Food Systems (variability) Household income, Social entitlement, Price & Weather shocks Access to Food (trends and levels) Purchasing power Market integration Market access Availability of Food (trends and levels) Production Imports Food Balance Food Economy Socio-Economic, Natural & Political Environment affecting FS outcomes, including: Population & Household characteristics, Education, Livelihood systems, Macroeconomy, Markets, Policies, Natural Resources, Agriculture, Social institutions, Cultural attitudes, Climate

8. Key players in Zambia’s food and nutrition sector MAL (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock) key player in food economy, close cooperation with CSO and FRA VAC (Vulnerability Assessment Committee) key player (stakeholder grouping) on livelihood assessments NFNC(National Food and Nutrition Commission) key player in nutrition and its linkages to health sector DMMU(Disaster Mitigation Management Unit)  coordinates emergency response, core member of VAC WFP (World Food Programme)  provides food aid & supports market dev, core member of VAC FEWS NET (Famine Early Warning System Network)  tracking biophysical & economic trends , core member of VAC FAO(Food and Agriculture Organisation) focuses on info networks and coordination capacity COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)  drives CAADP agenda, informal cross border trade monitoring IAPRI(Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute)  provides evidence based policy research on FNS JCTR (Jesuit Centre for Theoretical Reflection) tracks socio-economic status of HHs (BNB & RB) Private Sector(ZNFU, MAZ, GTAZ, etc.)  important player in food economy, esp. info sharing thru SAG CSO-SUN(Civil Society Organisations – Scaling Up Nutrition)  large network focusing on early child development International Collaborating Partners  harmonised approach, coherent action & consistent info sharing International Research Institutions  practical research and supporting better info flows

9. Food and Nutrition relevant monitoring efforts • MAL M&E system is • user-friendly (aiming at decision-makers), • simple and harmonised (vertical and horizontal coordination) • inclusive (aiming at bringing in non-state actors) • ranging from input to impact indicators along result chains • 38 NAIP indicators, 21 of which are relevant to food and nutrition security • BUT these 21 indicators are still not compiled in a easy to grasp and consistent form of presentation and they are not sufficiently linked to indicators of the other dimensions of food and nutrition security.

10. Food and Nutrition relevant monitoring efforts • NFNC M&E system is • capturing nutrition relevant information from key sectors • comprised of a vast number of indicators on 11 strategic directions each with several strategic objectives • proposing the establishment of sentinel surveillance monitoring sites for higher level indicators • focusing on coordination and harmonisation (Three-Ones-Principle: One coordinating body, One strategy, One M&E system) • BUT NFNC undergoes a restructuring and revamping phase posing challenges to its current capacity to effectively coordinate a complex sector at the same time offering scope for innovations.

11. Food and Nutrition relevant monitoring efforts • VAC annual assessments • selection of areas targeted for the assessments is based on Crop Forecast data • detailed assessment of HH vulnerability to external shocks with an emphasis on natural calamities • well established and accepted multi-stakeholder approach • BUT the VAC assessments do not take a look at longer-term developments in the food and nutrition security sector for the whole country.

12. Information needs by decision makers? The multi-secotral and complex nature of food and nutrition security has been a challenge since long leading to incoherent approaches and uncoordinated action by a wide range of actors in the past. Information on food and nutrition security is available but not accessible by decision makers in an easily digestible presentation.

13. Towards a Food and Nutrition Security Dashboard (FSND) Stressed Stressed Stressed OK OK Crisis Crisis Crisis OK Nutritional Status of Individual Household-Level Livelihood Food Economy

14. Stressed Crisis OK Food Economy

16. Stressed Crisis OK Houshold-Level Livelihood

18. Stressed Crisis OK Nutritional Status of Individual

20. Stressed Stressed Stressed 10 Nutritional Status of Individual Houshold-Level Livelihood Food Economy OK Crisis Crisis Crisis OK OK 7 4

21. Potential partnerships around food and nutrition security in Zambia VAC includes all of the key actors in the emergency preparedness MAL coordinates with the entire sector through the Sector Advisory Group NFNC advises Government on all matters of food and nutrition

22. Food for Thought: The FNSD will provide decision-makers with quality information at a glance! How can we strengthen partnerships around FNS? What other information gaps on food and nutrition security still exist? What other important stakeholders will need to be brought into this process?

23. Flickr (IFPRI2009) Thank you!

24. Key players in Zambia’s food and nutrition sector MAL (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock) key player in food economy, close cooperation with CSO and FRA new M&E system with info flow from sub-district to national level VAC (Vulnerability Assessment Committee) key player (stakeholder grouping) on livelihood assessments DMMU(Disaster Mitigation Management Unit)  coordinates emergency response, core member of VAC NFNC(National Food and Nutrition Commission) key player in nutrition and its linkages to health sector revamped thru new strategic plan and M&E framework WFP (World Food Programme)  shift from food aid to emergency preparedness and market dev FEWS NET (Famine Early Warning System Network)  early warning, tracking biophysical and economic trends FAO(Food and Agriculture Organisation) supports sector thru MAL, now focuses on info networks COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)  drives CAADP agenda, informal cross border trade monitoring IAPRI(Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute)  evidence based policy research, collaboration MAL & CSO JCTR (Jesuit Centre for Theoretical Reflection) tracks socio-economic status of HHs (BNB & RB) Private Sector(ZNFU, MAZ, GTAZ, etc.)  key player in food economy esp. info sharing CSO-SUN(Civil Society Organisations – Scaling Up Nutrition)  large network focusing on early child development International Collaborating Partners  harmonised collaboration i.e. coherent action & consistent info sharing International Research Institutions  practical research and supporting better info flows food economy livelihood assessments nutrition health sector trade monitoring socio-economic status of HHs food economy

25. of Individuals Nutritional Status Utilisation of Food (trends and levels) Energy & Nutrient intake / adsorbtion Health & Sanitation Food safety, Water quality, Sanitation, Care Practices Nutrition education, Child Care, Food preparation, HH livelihood strategies h Stability of Food Systems (variability) Household income, Social entitlement, Price & Weather shocks Access to Food (trends and levels) Purchasing power, Market integration, Market access Availability of Food (trends and levels) Production, Imports, Food Balance Food Economy Socio-Economic, Natural & Political Environment affecting FS outcomes, including: Population, Household, characteristics, Education, Livelihood systems, Macroeconomy, Markets Policies, Natural Resources, Agriculture, Social Institutions, Cultural attitudes, Climate