Renaissance Expansion and Reformation in Europe

Question #3 • Expansion North – trade routes/ Italy’s location spread the Renaissance from Italy northward • Influence of Artists – traveled significantly and more people experienced Renaissance Art • Impact of Tech – Printing Press is cheaper and easier to produce (ex: bible) • Compare and Contrast – • Individualism – expressed through unique styles (ex: Shakespeare) • Realism – Artists painted using perspective as oil paints are introduced • Humanism – secularism: focus more on worldly things • Skepticism – question authority including the Church, standard art practices and geocentric theory

Question 4 • Reasons for breaking with Church • Secular interests of the Church = not focusing on education, corruption and the selling of indulgences • Indulgences = piece of paper that forgave people of their sins and then they would spend less time in purgatory • 95 theses and spread – Martin Luther’s major work that spread via the Printing Press • Martin Luther’s Ideals • Pope did not speak for god, the church and priesthood was not needed for salvation and all you need is Faith to get to heaven. • Diet of Worms – meeting organized by Charles V (HRE) ordering Luther to take back the 95 Theses. Excommunicated Luther when he refused

Question 5 • Compare and Contrast • Major tenants of Christianity – monotheistic, believed in 1 God and Jesus, and believed in the Bible • Heaven  Catholicism (faith and good deeds/ Purgatory), Luther (just faith), Calvinism (Predestination) • Bible  Catholic (only Church officials read bible) Luther (everyone can read bible/ rituals don’t mater) Calvin (read & interpret bible literally) • Leadership  Catholic (Pope), Luther (elected council), Calvin (appointed elders)

Question 6 • Reasons behind Henry 8th • Personal issues – wife could not have anymore kids and he needs an heir so he wants to divorce his first wife • Political issues – wanted more power and wealth (confiscated Church lands) • Edward – VERY protestant presented Crammers Book of common prayer and converted all of England into Protestantism • Mary – VERY Catholic – returned England to the Catholic faith and persecuted Protestants • Elizabeth – middle ground between Catholics and Protestants (gave power to the Bishops and ended religious strife in England)

Question 7 • What was the Catholic Reformation  Goals • Get Protestants to revert to Catholicism and emphasize elements of the Catholic faith • Council of Trent  established reform in 1545, established schools and bettered education, tried to end corruption, reinforced what principles the Catholic faith believed in. • Jesuits  founded by Loyola to recruit people to Catholicism • Inquisition  church court to try people for heresy, and the index of forbidden books was a list of works considers too immoral for Catholics to read

Question 8 • Scientific advances • Kepler – planets revolved in ellipses • Galileo – invented the telescope • Brahe – supporting the heliocentric theory • Newton – gravity • Lew – microscope – cells and adam • Boyle – matter is composed of tiny particles • Ves – anatomy book and basic components of human anatomy • Ambrose – artificial limbs • Havey – circulation of blood described for the first time • Problem solving through experimentation and observation • Descartes/ Bacon = develops the Scientific method • Why was it a Revolution: turning point = the introduction of a heliocentric universe, long lasting impact = most technology is developed using the Scientific Method (continues today)

Question 9 • Scientific Method – • Skepticism – questioning everything (traditions and older theories) • Bacon and Descartes – devoted their lives to developing the SM • Steps • Stating the problem • Gather information • Form a theory • Experiment • Gather Data • Come to a conclusion • Share your data

Renaissance Expansion and Reformation in Europe