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Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds. Lab 3. Carbohydrates. Contain C, H, O atoms (1:2:1 ratio) # Carbon atoms = # Oxygen atoms Fx : 1. ENERGY STORAGE…WHY??

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Organic Compounds

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  1. Organic Compounds Lab 3

  2. Carbohydrates • Contain C, H, O atoms (1:2:1 ratio) • # Carbon atoms = # Oxygen atoms • Fx: 1. ENERGY STORAGE…WHY?? The C-H bonds store energy. When an organism requires an energy source, C-H bonds are the ones most often broken. This results in the release of stored energy. 2. Structural Support!!! • Comprise 1-2% of a cells mass • 2 types: simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates

  3. Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharide • Simple sugar • Consists of one subunit; smallest carbs • Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6) • Also, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose Disaccharide • Result of linkage of two monosaccharides • Ex. Sucrose, lactose, maltose

  4. Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides • Long chain polymers of sugars • Preferred form of energy storage • Plants: starch = glucose polysaccharide that plants use to store energy • Animals: glycogen = highly insoluble macromolecule formed of glucose and polysaccharides that serves as stored energy

  5. Lipids • Contain C, H, and O • Fx: 1. Sx makeup of membranes 2. Store energy, long term 3. Hormonal activities • Hydrophobic (held together by non-polar covalent bonds) • Contains MORE energy-rich C-H bonds than carbs • Types include: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids, waxes • Neutral fats: most abundant type of lipid 3 Fatty Acids + glycerol • Simplest lipid = fatty acid

  6. LipidsTriglycerides (Neutral Fat) • Fats are synthesized from 2 components: • 1. Fatty acid: long chain C and H atoms ending in a COOH group • 2. Glycerol: a three C molecule; note, glycerol is an alcohol • Glycerol forms a backbone to which 3 fatty acids are attached via a dehydration reaction fat molecule • Provides long term energy storage, insulation

  7. Protein • Comprises 10-30% cell mass • Contains C, H, O, N, S (sometimes) • Fx: 1. enzymes 2. structural roles (collagen, keratin) • All proteins are a long polymer chain of amino acid subunits • small molecules, 20 total • all 20 have a basic structure of a central carbon atom to which the 4 following are attached: hydrogen atom amino group (-NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) an “R” group

  8. How to make a protein • Link specific amino acids together at functional groups • Functional group = the portion of a molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction • Peptide bond = covalent bond that links 2 amino acids together • Polypeptides = long chains of amino acids liked by peptide bonds

  9. Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Possible nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, THYMINE • Structure: 2 nucleotide strands = double helix • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Possible nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, URACIL • Long, single strand

  10. Nucleotides

  11. Part A: Testing for Carbohydrates: Reducing Sugars • Benedict’s Reagent: tests for reducing sugars present in carbohydrates • Reducing sugar = any sugar that when in solution forms an aldehyde or ketone, i.e. monosaccharides (non-locked) • How?? Benedict’s Reagent contains blue copper (II) ions (Cu2+) that are reduced to copper (I) ions (Cu+). The Cu+ ions are precipitated in water as red copper (I) oxide. Glucose Gluconic Acid

  12. Part A: Reducing Sugars • Test glucose, sucrose and starch solutions in the presence of Benedict’s reagent to detect presence of reducing sugars Glucose Sucrose Starch

  13. Part B: Testing for Carbohydrates: Starch • Iodine reacts with starch producing a dark blue, black color • How?? Starch is a coiled polysaccharide. When iodine is introduced, it forms a linear molecule and inserts into the starch coil thus resulting in a color change • Test starch presence in glucose, sucrose and starch solutions as well as potato slices

  14. Starch Cellulose

  15. Part C: Testing for proteins, Biuret Test • Biuret test detects protein by copper sulfate reacting with peptide bonds producing a violet color

  16. Part C: Testing for proteins, Biuret Test • Test for protein in honey solution, corn oil and egg white solution

  17. Part D: Testing for Nucleic Acids, Dische Diphenylamine Test • Diphenylamine Reagent reacts with the deoxyribose sugar in DNA producing a blue color when heated

  18. Part E: Testing for Lipids, Sudan III Test • Takes advantage of the fact that lipids are NONPOLAR compounds • They DO NOT dissolve in water. Why? • They DO dissolve in ether, a nonpolar solvent • Sudan III dye is made with ether as is its solvent • Note: nonlipid substances will NOT dissolve in Sudan III, rather, they will form two distinct layers in a test tube • Test honey, corn oil and egg white for the presence of lipids • DO NOT POUR SUDAN III DOWN THE DRAIN!!!

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