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Lecture 18

Lecture 18. Dimitar Stefanov. Wheelchairs and Personal Transportation. Some history: Centuries ago – transportation of the disabled on hammocks slung between poles that were carried by others (upper class people) Wheelbarrow – similar to these for transportation of materials

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Lecture 18

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  1. Lecture 18 Dimitar Stefanov

  2. Wheelchairs and Personal Transportation • Some history: • Centuries ago – transportation of the disabled on hammocks slung between poles that were carried by others (upper class people) • Wheelbarrow – similar to these for transportation of materials • During the Renaissance – first wheelchairs – arm chairs with wheels placed on them (France) • Wooden wheelchairs – until 1930

  3. Franklin D. Roosevelt – metal kitchen chairs modified with wheels • Civil War:   First record of wheelchairs being used in the United States. • 1907:  First patent applied for a folding wheelchair with a steel frame. • 1936:  First single cross-brace steel wheelchair patented by Everest & Jennings; Everest (mining engineers), Jennings (engineer) • Ernest&Jennings – first company for wheelchair manufacture – few years later • World War II – steel-framed wheelchairs with 18 inch seat width • 1940s – first powered wheelchairs, standard manual wheelchairs adapted with automobile starter motors and automobile battery • Rigid power wheelchair frame – free space under the seat (battery, controller, respirators, etc.)

  4. 1948:  Removable armrests introduced. • 1950's:  Lightweight chairs developed for sports use. • 1980's-present:  New composite frame materials developed to further reduce the weight of chairs. • Personal automobile – modified control of the standard automobile • Microcars – enlarged powered wheelchairs, speed about 10 km/h • The first voice-activated power wheelchair was used in 1984 by a student  • 1995s – omni-directional wheelchairs

  5. Categories of wheelchairs: • Manually powered • Electrically powered • 200 000 wheelchairs are sold annually within the USA • 20 000 powered wheelchairs Depot wheelchairs – for institutional use, several people may use one and the same wheelchair One-arm-drive wheelchairs – linkage connection of the rear wheels

  6. Indoor and outdoor wheelchairs Indoor wheelchairs – short wheelbases, less stable in lateral direction • Wheelchairs, powered by the user • Wheelchairs, powered by attendants Ultra light wheelchairs Sports wheelchairs

  7. Categories of wheelchairs (continue) Stand-up wheelchairs LifeStand, USA, http://www.lifestandusa.com/home.htm

  8. LEVO, Switzerland, http://www.levo.ch/ • Gas spring activated • Electric activated Stair-climbing wheelchairs

  9. Patient transfer systems Vivax Medical, http://www.vivaxmedicalcorp.com/ Consists of a specially designed electric (hospital type) bed and wheelchair.      The Vivax Mobility System has a transfer conveyor system integrated into the bed frame which moves the patient from the bed into a specially designed wheelchair and back again.  A built in air support system provides true pressure relief and a low-shear comfortable bed surface.

  10. Patient transfer systems

  11. Beach wheelchairs http://www.beachwheelchair.com/ Scooters Shoprider, http://www.dcc-shoprider.com/

  12. Frame design – lightweight tubes • Frame styles: • Box-frame wheelchairs (great strength and rigidity) • Cantilever frame wheelchairs (the frame can act as suspension; fewer tubes) Box-frame wheelchair Cantilever frame wheelchair

  13. Materials • Aluminum (6061 aluminum tubing); lightweight, high corrosion resistance, • Steel (chromium- molybdenum alloy) – easy to welding, wall thickness – 0.028 inches, diameter – 0.25-1.25 inches; • Titanium – lightweight, strong; require special tooling, high cost; • Composite materials (carbon fibers) – extremely strong and tough, lightweight • Two basic styles of powered wheelchairs on the market: • The traditional style, and • the platform-model powered chair (powered base and a chair on it).

  14. Center of gravity (COG) Located among the midline of the person and the chair

  15. COG – location Seat width – as narrow as possible; usually 1 inch higher than the user’s hips Frame angle

  16. Wheels and caster Front casters – from 50 to 200 mm in diameter for manual wheelchairs for daily use. • Pneumatic casters • Polyurethane casters Rear wheels – wheels with large diameter

  17. Caster flutter Rapid vibration on the front wheels The caster flutter occurs when there is no enough trail.

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