Cold War

World History: 1750 - Present
Cold War

Cold War Cold War lasted from 1945 until 1991 It was a period of war-like tensions between the U.S. and the USSR that effect most of the world The two-sides never directly fought one-another, but many battles took place between their allies – known as proxy wars.

United Nations Cold War

United Nations Created after WWII to replace the League of Nations Composed of 6 main bodies, including the General Assembly and the Security Council

United Nations The General Assembly: Consists of every member nation Place for countries to discuss issues Security Council: Most powerful body in the UN Five permanent members: China, U.S., France, Britain, and USSR

United Nations What do the five permanent members of the security council have in common? Victors of WWII

United Nations The five permanent members of the Security Council each have the right to veto any Security Council decision There are 10 other members of the Security Council that are elected by the permanent members every 2 years

NATO Cold War

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance formed by U.S. and its allies in 1949

Warsaw Pact Cold War

Warsaw Pact Formed by the USSR and its satellites in response to NATO

China Cold War

China Mao Zedong and the communists defeated Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalists during the Chinese Civil War Chiang Kai-shek’s forces fled to exile in Taiwan and declared their government to be the true government of China

China The UN refused to seat Mao Zedong’s representatives Stated that Chiang Kai-shek was the true leader of China

China In response, the Soviet Union boycotted UN Security Council sessions

Germany Cold War

Germany Division of Germany Four zones of occupation US USSR British French

Germany Germany’s capital, Berlin, is also divided into four zones Berlin was located in the Soviet zone

Germany 1948 Soviet Union blockaded Eastern Germany trying to keep the Allies out of Berlin Known as Berlin Blockade

Germany For almost one year, Allied cargo planes drop supplies into West Berlin Soviets end blockade in 1949

Germany 1949 Areas controlled by Allies form the Federal Republic of Germany USSR responds by creating German Democratic Republic

Germany From 1949 to 1961, approximately 2.7 million people crossed from East Germany to West Germany August 1961, Berlin Wall was erected to prevent citizens of East Berlin from crossing into West Berlin

Germany The Berlin Wall remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 It became one of the main symbols of the Cold War

Truman Doctrine Cold War

Truman Doctrine 1947 Created by U.S. President Harry S. Truman Provided economic and military aid to “contain communism”

Marshall Plan Cold War

Marshall Plan 1947 Created by U.S. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall Provided economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII

Marshall Plan Also known as European Recovery Plan Main goal was to keep out communist influence

Korean Conflict Space Race

Korean Conflict Japan had controlled Korea since 1910 After WWI, Korea divided along the 38th Parallel North Korea was controlled by the USSR South Korea was controlled by the U.S.

Korean Conflict June 24, 1950, North Korean troops, trying to unite the country, invaded South Korea The UN Security Council voted to furnish assistance to repel the attack and restore peace

Korean Conflict U.S. President Harry S. Truman did not ask Congress for a formal declaration of war, as required by the U.S. Constitution Truman used the UN resolution to order American troops stationed in Japan to move into South Korea

Korean Conflict General Douglas MacArthur, a WWII hero suspected that because North Korea had advanced so rapidly they had limited supply lines He decided to attack at this weakness by launching a surprise attack on the port city of Inchon – well behind enemy lines

Korean Conflict Because Inchon was such a poor landing site, MacArthur knew the enemy would not expect an attack there MacArthur attacked on September 15, 1950

Korean Conflict Communist forces began fleeing North Oct 1950 – North Koreans had been driven north of the 38th Parallel U.S. officials had to decide whether to declare their UN mandate accomplished and end the war or to send forces north and try to unite Korea

Korean Conflict Chinese leaders warned Americans not to advance near their borders MacArthur assured Truman that China would not intervene in the war The UN voted for a resolution calling for a “unified, independent, and democratic” Korea

Korean Conflict By Thanksgiving 1950, UN forces reached the Chinese border at the Yalu River November 25, 1950: Approximately 300,000 Chinese soldiers attacked South Korean and UN positions The UN troops were forced back below the 38th Parallel

Korean Conflict MacArthur was fired after complaining about Truman’s refusal to use atomic weapons or send more troops By spring of 1951, UN forces pushed back to an area around the 38th Parallel Both sides fought to a stalemate at the border until 1953

Korean Conflict Dwight Eisenhower became President in 1953 Hinted that he might use nuclear weapons to end stalemate 1953: Stalin died of stroke

Korean Conflict The death of Stalin and the fear of nuclear weapons convinced the communists to settle the conflict The two sides signed a cease-fire that is still in effect

Cuba Cold War

Cuba 1959: Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista Castro set up his own dictatorship Then visited U.S., placed a wreath at the Lincoln Memorial, and met with Vice-President Nixon

Cuba Nixon believed Castro was a communist 1960: Castro nationalized $1 billion in properties owned by U.S. companies and civilians Eisenhower imposed a trade embargo on Cuba that is still in effect today

Cuba President Eisenhower ordered a plan for the invasion of Cuba Plan took too long to develop and was not used

Cuba JFK became U.S. President in 1961 Approved the invasion plan April 16, 1961: 1500 Cuban exiles invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs

Cuba Exiles expected the support of the local population Also expected U.S. air support Received neither

Cuba Castro’s army expected the invasion Fight until April 19 100 exiles killed Rest taken hostage

Cuba Bay of Pigs became a huge embarrassment for the Kennedy administration Castro declared Cuba a communist nation

Cuba Oct 16, 1962: US spy plane discovered Soviet missiles on Cuba The missiles were capable of carrying nuclear warheads and reaching anywhere in the U.S.

Cuba Oct 22, 1962: Kennedy goes on air and demands Khrushchev, the leader of the USSR, remove the missiles Kennedy imposed a naval blockade on Cuba

Cuba World waits for one side to strike first Closest the world has ever come to nuclear war Oct 29, 1962: USSR said it would remove missiles from Cuba if U.S. removed its missiles from Turkey Kennedy agreed and the missile crisis ended

U-2 Incident Cold War

U-2 Incident May 1, 1960: Francis Gary Powers, piloting a U-2 spy plane, was shot down in Soviet territory Instead of destroying the plane and committing suicide, as ordered, Powers parachuted to safety

U-2 Incident Powers was captured by the USSR and most of the plane landed intact Eisenhower was assured Powers was dead and that the plane had been destroyed. Khrushchev announced that a U.S. spy plane had crash landed.

U-2 Incident Eisenhower stated that it was nothing more than a NASA plane researching weather in Turkey and that the U.S. had never sent spy planes over the USSR Khrushchev then produced the camera from the plane and Powers

U-2 Incident It was a huge embarrassment for the Eisenhower administration The USSR used it in their propaganda against the U.S. Powers was traded for a captured Soviet spy in October 1962

Space Race Cold War

Space Race International Geophysical Year (IGY) July 1957 – December 1958 Dates chosen for the high amount of solar activity expected

Space Race USSR boldly declares that it will launch a satellite into orbit during the IGY Most nations do not take the statement seriously View the USSR as mere peasants

Space Race October 4, 1957: Soviet Union launches first man-made satellite of earth – Sputnik Sputnik means “fellow traveler”

Space Race 1957: USSR sends first animal into orbit A dog named Laika

Space Race John F. Kennedy inaugurated as U.S. President on January 20, 1961 Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson states “In the eyes of the world, first in space means first, period; second in space is second in everything.”

Space Race After a number of unsuccessful attempts, the US places a satellite into orbit – nearly four months after Sputnik Satellite named Explorer I

Space Race April 1961: Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space and the first man to orbit the earth Traveled in Vostok 1

Space Race Alan Shepard became the first American in space 23 days after Gagarin John Glen became the first American to orbit the earth

Space Race Soviet’s Luna 1 was the first probe to orbit the moon

Space Race Kennedy told NASA’s director: “Everything we do ought to really be tied into getting on the moon ahead of the Russians…Otherwise we shouldn’t be spending that kind of money, because I’m not interested in space…The only justification is because we hope to beat the USSR to demonstrate that instead of being behind a couple of years, by God, we passed them.”

Space Race November 22, 1963: JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald Lyndon B. Johnson became President

Space Race July 21, 1969: American Neil Armstrong, traveling on Apollo 11, became the first man on the moon U.S. won the Space Race

Vietnam Cold War

Vietnam French Indochina consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos It was France’s richest colony Japan conquered Indochina during WWII

Vietnam Ho Chi Minh, a Moscow trained revolutionary, and Vo Nguyen Giap received aid from the U.S. to fight the Japanese After WWII, Ho Chi Minh quoted Thomas Jefferson and declared Vietnam independent

Vietnam Ho Chi Minh’s communist organization, the Viet Minh [Vietnamese Independence League], occupied the government headquarters in Hanoi

Vietnam After WWII, A large communist uprising threatened to take over the French government

Vietnam The French needed the profits from Indochina Fearing the spread of communism in France, the United States recognized French control of Indochina

Vietnam After negotiations failed, the French began bombing Vietnam in 1946 The Viet Minh fought using guerilla warfare

Vietnam Casualties on both sides were high and French citizens were growing weary of the prolonged war In November 1949, Chinese communists arrived on the border of Indochina and began training Viet Minh recruits

Vietnam The Viet Minh controlled 2/3 of Vietnam The French were losing 1,000 soldiers per month

Vietnam January 1950, the USSR officially recognized the Viet Minh as the true government in Vietnam The U.S. promised France it would provide economic and military aid in Vietnam if the French would allow West Germany to be re-armed

Vietnam In 1954, the Viet Minh defeated the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu Due to public outcry, the French were forced to surrender

Vietnam Vietnam was divided into north and south Ho Chi Minh and the communists controlled the north Ngo Dinh Diem controlled the south

Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem rigged elections in the south and won by 94% (over 133% in Saigon alone) He killed at least 12,000 opponents and jailed 40,000 He still received U.S. support because he was anti-communist

Vietnam 800,000 Vietnamese fled from the north to the south 40,000 southerners fled north

Vietnam South Vietnamese suspected of supporting communism were labeled Viet Cong The Viet Cong began an insurgency in the south

Vietnam JFK became U.S. President in 1960 He sent advisors to help the south Vietnamese

Vietnam Diem’s generals became tired of his brutality The CIA was also angry at Diem’s unwillingness to listen to their advice When Diem’s general spoke of an overthrow, the CIA said it would not interfere

Vietnam Many military overthrows ensued Kennedy did not want to commit U.S. troops to combat

Vietnam JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson took over

Vietnam August 2, 1964: The Vietnamese navy sent three torpedo boats to attack the USS Maddox, which was patrolling the waters in the north part of the Gulf of Tonkin and providing intelligence to south Vietnamese forces

Vietnam The Maddox destroyed one of the vessels and knocked out two others April 4: During severe storms, the instrument panels for the Maddox and another destroyer malfunctioned

Vietnam The radar detected enemy ships in the area, but there were no other ships present The ships began firing on the “enemy” positions Johnson received reports and used them as an excuse to increase U.S. involvement

Vietnam Johnson reported the events to the U.S. Congress The Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution turned over war making powers to Johnson

Vietnam By the end of 1965, the U.S. had 16,500 troops in Vietnam – up from 2,000 in 1961 Johnson increased bombing raids on North Vietnam

Vietnam January 31, 1968 – During the Tet holiday, North Vietnamese troops attack over 100 cities in South Vietnam It was known as the Tet Offensive Eventually, U.S. troops defeated the North Vietnamese forces

Vietnam Tet Figures U.S. killed = 1500; wounded = 8000; missing = 11 S.V. killed = 2800; wounded = 8300; missing = 587 N.V. and V.C. killed = 45,000; wounded and missing unknown Civilian killed = 14,000; wounded = 24,000; missing = unkown; homeless = 630,000

Vietnam Although the U.S. had won, U.S. public opinion against the war became even greater Johnson’s approval rating dropped below 36% and he decided not to run for reelection that year

Vietnam In the U.S. election of 68’, Johnson’s Vice-President Hubert Humphrey ran against Richard Nixon (R) Johnson began peace talks with the north Nixon secretly told South Vietnam to hold off on peace until he was elected because he would get them a better deal

Vietnam Nixon became President in 1969 and began a policy of Vietnamization Vietnamization – turning over war responsibilities to the South Vietnamese

Vietnam Nixon faced public criticism when it was discovered that he increased bombings on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and Laos and even sent ground troops into the countries

Vietnam The number of troops in Vietnam dwindled until 1972, when the last ground troops were evacuated All U.S. personnel , including diplomats and advisors left South Vietnam in 1975, as it fell to the communists

Israel

Israel Israel was created in 1948 in Palestine, mostly due to British and U.S. efforts Palestinians and many Arab nations were very angry with the actions

Israel Israel fought a series of wars with Arab nations throughout the 50s, 60s, and 70s During the 60s and 70s, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Nigeria, Algeria, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, and the United Arab Emirates formed OPEC

Israel OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC controls the majority of the worlds oil supply

Israel In 1973, after the U.S. and Britain assisted Israel once again, OPEC called for an oil embargo to western nations The embargo meant that limited amounts of oil would be shipped to the west

Israel The embargo severely hurt the western economies, but also hurt OPEC The embargo was ended in late 1974, a few months after Israel won the Yom Kippur War

Israel Israel still faces threats from many Arab nations Also, Palestinians are demanding that they be given their own country

Afghanistan

Afghanistan Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979, trying to gain control over more territory Many Arabs came to the aid of Afghanistan, citing communists as atheists who would try to destroy Islam

Afghanistan One of the wealthiest donors to the Afghan cause was Saudi citizen Osama bin Laden, who was also supplied by the United States The Soviet war in Afghanistan is often called “Russia’s Vietnam”

Afghanistan The USSR poured a large amount of money into the conflict, but was defeated in 1989 The tremendous expenditure left the USSR virtually bankrupt and led to its demise in 1991

Afghanistan U.S. support left Afghanistan almost as fast as the Soviets did Osama bin Laden then set up extremist training camps in Afghanistan as he became very radical in his beliefs

Soviet Union Collapses

Soviet Union Collapses Russia was no longer able to fund enough troops to stop revolts in the Soviet Union Because of this, it ended travel restrictions between its satellites This meant that the Berlin Wall was now useless, because citizens could just go around it

Soviet Union Collapses The citizens of Berlin began dismantling the Wall on November 9, 1989, which led to the re-unification of Germany Many of Soviet satellites declared their independence

Soviet Union Collapses The Soviet Union officially came to an end in 1991 The U.S had won the Cold War

Cold War

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