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COLD WAR

COLD WAR. TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE. END OF WWII. What is left? What are the problems? What are the solutions? Who can help? How?. January 10, 1946. First meeting of the United Nations

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COLD WAR

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  1. COLD WAR TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

  2. END OF WWII What is left? What are the problems? What are the solutions? Who can help? How?

  3. January 10, 1946 • First meeting of the United Nations • 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in Washington D,C., the groundwork was laid by Allied delegates for an international postwar organization to maintain peace and security in the postwar world

  4. In April 1945, delegates from 51 nations convened in San Francisco to draft the United Nations Charter. • On June 26, the document was signed by the delegates, • October 24 it was formally ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK, and US

  5. History of UN • January 1946 : General Assembly adopts first resolution on World Peace:ELIMINATION OF ATOMIC WEAPONS • May 1948: United Nations Troop Supervision Organization (UNTSO) • Dec. 1948 Universal declaration of Human Rights

  6. 1943 united Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration UNRRA • Transported millions of former Concentration camp dwellers • Over 2 million Soviet civilians returned by Western Allies

  7. 1948 Displaced Persons Act (helped relax US immigration • By 1959- 900,000 European refugees absorbed by west European countires • 461,000 went to the US • 523,000 by other countries

  8. The Marshal Stalin Plan

  9. Timeline • 1945: Yalta, satellite states, end of WWII • 1946: Iron Curtain Speech • 1947 Truman Doctrine,(Greece, Turkey),Policy of Containment: George Kennan, CIA,HUAC, • 1948 Marshall Plan, Berlin airlift, China • 1949 NATO, end of Berlin blockade Soviets get Atomic bomb, China problems

  10. Who Developed the Idea of Containment? • How did Containment Work?

  11. Greece and Turkey • Pro-Western Governments in Greece and Turkey were on the Verge of Collapse • USSR wants Turkish Territory • Soviets Support Communists in Greek Civil War

  12. Great Britain • Before WWII Great Britain Supported Greece and Turkey Militarily and Financially. • Winter 1946-47 Can No Longer Afford to Support the Greeks and Turks

  13. The Fear • Greece and Turkey Would Fall to Soviet/Communist Influence • Near East and North Africa Were Now at Risk

  14. The Truman Doctrine • March 12, 1947 • Policy is Announced

  15. The Truman Doctrine • Moral Gauntlet • Bargaining over Territory is Out of the Question • Conflict is Democracy vs. Totalitarianism • Free Peoples vs. Oppressed • Soviet Union Must Change its Policy or its System Must Collapse

  16. The Truman Doctrine • 400 Million Dollars in Aid to Greece and Turkey • US Will Give Military and Financial Aid to Nations Fighting Communism

  17. Who was George Marshall? • Chief of the Army During WWII • Sec. of State Under Truman • Well Respected

  18. Conditions in Europe • Economic Conditions were Bad in Europe After WWII • Fear that Communism Could Spread in the poor Economic Conditions • Helping Europe Recovery=Containing Communism

  19. European Recovery Act/Marshall Plan

  20. European Recovery Program/Marshall Plan • Announced at Harvard on June 5, 1947 • Stops Communism by attacking poverty, hunger, despair • 13 Billion/Equal to 100 Billion Today • Not Straight Cash/Credits to Purchase • Aid Offered to Stalin

  21. European Recovery Act • ERP : 1948 • “Marshall Plan” • Large scale “rescue program”

  22. Marshall Plan

  23. Stalin and the Marshall Plan • Stalin Refuses to Accept Money • Does Not Allow “Iron Curtain Countries” to accept either • Isolates Communist Bloc Even More • Tightens Control on Eastern Europe

  24. Success of the Marshall Plan • Western European Economies Improve Greatly • 16 Countries Helped • 25% Improvements in Some Countries • European Industries recover: chemical, engineering, steel • Reduces poverty • Increases cooperation between Western Europe and the United States • Communism Never Gets Popular

  25. Criticisms/Revisionist • Did Truman Show a True Picture of the Communist Threat in Greece and Turkey? • Did Truman Provoke Stalin? • Was Truman Looking to Save his Poll Numbers?

  26. Post-War Germany

  27. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  28. BERLIN AIRLIFT • U.S. Airlift

  29. Cold War BERLIN AIRLIFT France, Britain and United States fused their sectors of Berlin

  30. BERLIN AIRLIFT

  31. Cold War Economic recovery was progressing in West Berlin Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, highways and rails

  32. Criticisms/Conservative • Did Truman Unconstitutionally Increase Presidential Power? • Did Laissez-faire Capitalism Help Western Europe more than the Marshall Plan? • What is one revisionist criticism of the Truman Doctrine?

  33. Ticket Out the Door • What was the goal of the Marshall Plan? • What two countries were helped by the Truman Doctrine?

  34. Timeline • 1949: US troops in S. Korea • 1950: N. Korea invades, Rosenbergs, McCarthy • 1951 Korean war • 1952: US and H-bomb: mutually assured destruction,arms race • 1953 Cease fire in Korea, Stalins death

  35. NATO • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  36. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Military or defense alliance formed in 1949 by 12 countries in Western Europe and North America • Original purpose – to protect its members from a possible attack from the Soviet Union (Containment) • First peacetime alliance in U.S. history • An alliance of nations with shared values. All members are DEMOCRACIES • Has been the most important U.S. alliance for the past (almost) 60 years

  37. The NATO Alliance

  38. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

  39. The UN was setup to focus on collective security mechanisms • NATO arose as a collective defense • alliance, in response to the emerging threat emanating from the Soviet Union. NATO

  40. NATO experienced a transition towards a global security agency with worldwide reach and influence

  41. NATO “struggled to redefine its purpose” and moved on to crisis-management activities • NATO constitutes the most functional and effective military alliance in the world • and can hardly be challenged in the technological and logistics realm of military missions

  42. UN focused on a variety of development issues as well as a new generation of peacemaking and peacekeeping operations • The UN has legitimized various cases of collective use of military force to stabilize peace in many regions of the world

  43. NATO Treaty – Article 5 • “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all…” • No NATO member was ever attacked during the Cold War – it never had to use its military forces • The first (and only) time a • NATO member was attacked was… • September 11, 2001

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