Aim: How can we look back and compare living species to non-living species?

1. Aim: How can we look back and compare living species to non-living species? Daily Catalyst: What is evolution? Homework: Text Pg 418-422 Questions 1-5 on Pg 422

3. Evolution Process of change through time

4. Evolution • Since this is the process of change over time. We are able to look back at earlier life forms and see how species have evolved or changed over generations.

5. Key Words to Know: • Species: This is the basic unit used for biological classification. These organisms are able to breed together. • Fossils: Mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms.

6. Aim: What are the key concepts that Charles Darwin came up with in his theory of evolution? Daily Catalyst: Complete the entrance slip? Homework: Castle Learning Assignment #1, Quiz Wednesday

9. Key Notes • Early time periods were populated by simpler organisms then today’s very complex organisms. • Species alive now have come from pre-existing organisms. • Different species may have many similarities because they came from similar ancestors.

10. Continued • Earlier life forms were less complex then newer organisms. • The first cells on earth were prokaryotic cells which then lead way for more complex eukaryotic cells.

11. Aim: What could Darwin not explain Do Now: What were the parts of Darwin’s theory? Homework:Review Book Pg 91 Questions 31- 42 on separate sheet of paper Quiz Tuesday, Test FRI

12. Words To Know • Adaptations-- changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment • Mutations: a change in the genetic material of an organism which could lead to a change in the organisms characteristics.

13. Aim: How are genetics and evolution intertwined with each other? Do Now: Complete Question set Homework: Complete Castle Learning Assignment #1 Quarter 4

14. Aim: What are the main ideas of Evolution? Do Now: Who is Charles Darwin and Why do we need to know who he is? Homework: Review Book Pg 87 15-30

15. Aim: What is Variation? Daily Catalyst: How can we look back a previous generations of organisms to see if change has occurred? Homework: Quiz Friday, Text Book pg 423-430 vocab on 423 and 1-5 on pg 430

16. Very Important • Variation: an instance of change or the rateor magnitude of change in a living organism.

17. Variation and Evolution: • Evolution is the consequence of the following factors: • the potential for a species to increase its numbers • the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes • a finite supply of the resources required for life • the ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring.

18. Some characteristics give individuals an advantage over others in surviving and reproducing, and the advantaged offspring, in turn, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce. The proportion of individuals that have advantageous characteristics will increase.

20. Comparative Anatomy: • This is another form of evidence supporting evolution. • Comparing anatomical similarities between different species.

21. Analogous Structures • Structures on species that have similar function. • They do not have similar ancestry • EX: wings of birds and insects

22. Vestigial Structures • Structures that may have at one point served a purpose but no longer are needed. • EX: Human appendix

23. Homologous structures: • Parts of different organisms that are similar in structure but may slightly differ in function.

24. Aim: What is comparative anatomy? Do Now:Terrible truth about bananas Homework: Quiz Tomorrow , Text Pg 431-441 questions 1-5 and vocab on pg 431

25. Charles Darwin • this is the father of evolution.

26. Charles Darwin • Over a 5 year trip in the 1830’s Charles Darwin on board the H.M.S. Beagle traveled around the world observing different animals around the globe. The area where Darwin made many of his discoveries was the Galapagos Island’s 1000 km off the coast of South America. During this trip Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection. Darwin’s theory explained a lot but one down fall behind his theory is that he could not explain why many of the parts of his theory occurred.

27. Theory of Natural Selection: • Overproduction -- Within a population more offspring are born than can possibly survive. • Competition -- since the number of individuals in a population tends to remain constant from generation to generation, a struggle for survival is suggested

28. Continued • Survival of the Fittest -- The individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to exist in their environment due to the possession of variations that maximize their fitness. • Reproduction -- Variations assist or hinder individuals in their struggle for survival. The best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, passing on the favorable variations to their offspring.

29. Continued • Speciation -- as time and generations continue, adaptations are perpetuated in individuals and new species may evolve from a common ancestor. • Adaptive variations--those variations which assist an organism’s survival

30. How is this demonstrating evolution?

31. What is Darwin digging for?

32. Aim: How have we seen organisms change over time? Do Now: what is the difference between environmental and hereditary variations? Homework: No Home work Test Thursday

33. What do we see occurring here? • Whale Evolution

34. New Species • Pancake Batfish • Darwin Bark Spider • Underwater Mushroom • Bioluminescent Mushroom

35. Darwin Bark Spider

36. Pancake Batfish

37. Underwater Mushroom

38. Bioluminescent Mushroom

39. List the components of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection • Competition • Overpopulation • Survival of the Fittest • Reproduction • Speciation

40. What could Darwin Not explain?

41. Weaknesses in Darwin’s Theory: • Darwin didn't explain how variations arose. • He did not distinguish between hereditary and environmental variations. • Darwin believed that both environmental and hereditary variations were inherited.

42. This leads to the new theory of Natural Selection: • The genetic basis for variation within a species is provided by mutations and sexual reproduction. • (Crossing over and recombination) • Mutations are spontaneous and provide the raw material for evolution.

43. AIM: Why do fossils play a major role in evolution? Do Now: List the three different types of structures that we have previously discussed. Homework: Castle Learning Assignment #4 Quarter #4

44. Modern Natural Selection Theory • All species have the potential to increase in numbers. • There is a finite amount of resources for any species.   Species tend to make too many organisms for these resources. • Species will show genetic variability due to mutation, crossing over, and genetic recombination (during fertilization) of genes.

45. Continued • The scarce finite resources of the environment will select those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring. • Variation within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of the species will survive under changed environmental conditions.

46. Some Examples of Evolution: • Peppered moth -- light colored vs. dark colored (industrialization influence) Manchester, England

47. The peppered moths did not go from being light colored and then turned dark colored they changed because the dark moths were not eaten up so they were able to pass along their traits to future generations which lead to an overall change in the moths color.

48. Peppered Moths • Did the light colored peppered moths all of a sudden change to dark colored moths because of the pollution? Explain your answer.

49. Continued • Insect resistance to Pesticides: (Resistance is not in response to the insecticide. The insecticide acts as a selecting agent.)

50. Continued • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics!!!!!!