Auto CAD 2D

1. Auto CAD 2D

2. Getting Started with Auto CAD • Opening files • Opening Auto CAD from desktop shortcut, • Opening Auto CAD from All programs, • Opening Auto CAD from program file, • Saving files: to save a file we have to consider; • file location • file name • file type

3. The Auto CAD Interface (Auto CAD Window Features) • Title bar • Menu bar • Drawing Area • Command line • Status bar • Tool bars

4. 1. Title bar: • This is found at the most top part of the window. • It contains: • Quick access toolbar • the auto cad version, • the file name and, • searching boxes.

5. 2. Menu bar: • It is found at the top of the window immediately below the title bar. • It contains File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Draw, Dimension, Modify, Express, ... • These menus are sometimes called pull down menus.

6. 3. Drawing Area: • It is the area where we can create and modify our drawings. • It also contains : • the UCS (user coordinate system), • cross hair • pick box • There are two types of drawing windows: • Model window, • Layout window,

7. 4. Command line: • The default position of the command line is the bottom of the window immediately above the status bar. • It is place where each activity is written and it is used as to write the command. • If you hide the command line, information for some commands may not be available. • To display the command line press ctrl+9 on the keyboard

8. 5. Status bar: • This part of auto cad window is found at the bottom of the window. • It contains: • SNAP • GRID • ORTHO • POLAR • OSNAP • MODEL / PAPER layout and others. • We can display or hide elements of status bar by the status bar menu icon.

9. 6. Tool bars: • There are several toolbars that we can display or hide and manage according to the demand of our current task. • Some of them are for 2D window tasks and some are for only 3D window tasks and the others are for both 2D and 3D windows tasks. • The toolbars that we frequently use are: • Standard toolbar, • Draw toolbar, • Modify toolbar, • Layers toolbar, • Properties toolbar, • Dimension toolbar, • Styles toolbar, • Inquiry toolbar, • Visual styles or Shade, • View port, • View, • Modeling or solid toolbar, • Orbit, • Solid editing, and etc

10. Organizing Drawing • Drawings are easier to interpret if you organize and set standards to enforce consistency. You can set standards for object properties, layerproperties, dimension styles, and other elements.

11. Object properties • You can use the controls in the Properties toolbar to view, set, and modify the properties. • The Properties toolbar provides convenient access to the most important object properties, Such as; Color, Line type, Line weight, and Plot style,

12. Layers Layers are used to group information in a drawing by function and to enforce linetype, color, line weight and other standards. This makes working with very complicated drawings much more easier and efficient. Layers are effective way of ordering your drawings.

13. Layers cont’d Every drawing includes a layer named 0. Layer 0 cannot be deleted or renamed. By default, layer 0 is assigned with the colour “white”, the line type "Continuous“ and default line weight. Layer 0 is always the current layer when you start a new drawing, however, it is bad drawing practice to use layer 0 for normal drawing. Note: It is recommended that you create several new layers with which to organize your drawing rather than create your entire drawing on layer 0.

14. Layers cont’d • Although you can have many layers in a drawing, you can only draw on one layer at a time. The layer you are drawing on is said to be the currentlayer. The Layers toolbar displays the current layer information. • When an object takes on the properties of its layer, the color, the line weight and the line type should be set as "By Layer“ on your properties toolbar. • To create a new layer, click on in the Layers toolbar, then the Layer Properties manager dialogue box appears.

15. Control Layers • To make objects on a layer invisible, you can turn off the layer or freeze it in the Layer Properties Manager. You can also lock layers to reduce the possibility of modifying objects accidentally. • Turn off layers:Use this option rather than freezing if you frequently need to switch a layer’s visibility.

16. Control Layers cont’d • Freeze layers: Use this option if you don’t need a layer to be visible for a long time. Thawing a frozen layer causes an automatic regeneration of the drawing and is slower than turning a layer on. • Lock layers: Use this option to prevent objects on a layer from being modified. You can still use the objects on a locked layer for operations that don’t modify the objects. For example, you can snap to these objects to use them as guides for precision drawing.

17. I. Creating Objects The creating command includes:- Line, Ray, Construction line, Polyline, Polygon, Rectangle, Arc, Circle, Revision cloud, Spline, Ellipse, Ellipse arc, Make block, Insert block, Donat, Point, Hatch, Gradient, Region, Table and Multiline Text. The CREATING command can be started in a number of ways: Draw tool bar, Dashboard/ribbon, Tool palettes, Draw Pull-down menu, By keyboard Command names,

18. 1. Points and Point Styles Points are very simple objects and the process of creating them is also very simple. The point Command is found at: Toolbar: Draw Pull down menu: Draw Point/Single Point Keyboard: POINT shortcut PO When adding points to a drawing it is usually desirable to set the point style.

19. The Point cont’d The Point Style command is found at; Pull down menu: Format Point Style … Keyboard: DDPTYPE Sets the point display size. The value you enter can be relative to the screen or in absolute units. Set Size Relative to Screen: Sets the point display size as a percentage of the screen size. The point display does not change when you zoom in or out. Set Size in Absolute Units: Sets the point display size as the actual units you specify under Point Size. Points are displayed larger or smaller when you zoom in or out.

20. Points in the coordinate system Coordinates represent locations in your drawing. You can enter two-dimensional coordinates as either Cartesian (X, Y) or polar (distance<angle) coordinates. ■ Cartesian coordinates are measured from two perpendicular lines, the X axis and the Y axis. The X value specifies horizontal distance, and the Y value specifies vertical distance. For example, the coordinates 5, 3 represent a point 5 units along the X axis and 3 units along the Y axis. The origin (0,0) indicates where the two axes intersect. ■ Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point. For example, the coordinates 5<30 specifies a point that is a distance of 5 units from the origin and at a 30 degree angle from the X axis. You can use absoluteorrelativevalues with each method. Absolute coordinate values are based on the origin. Relative coordinate values are based on the last point entered.

21. Points in the coordinate cont’d • Insert Absolute Cartesian Coordinates • Use absolute Cartesian coordinates when you know the precise X and Y values of the location of the point. • Command: point • Then enter: #x,y • Entering the # identifies the coordinates as absolute coordinates. • Insert Relative Cartesian Coordinates • Use relative Cartesian coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point. • Command: point • Create a reference point • Then enter:@x,y • NOTE Absolute coordinates will be entered without # if dynamic input is turned off and relative coordinates will be entered without @ if dynamic input is on.

22. Points in the coordinate cont’d • Insert Absolute polar Coordinates • Use absolute polar coordinates when you know the precise R and values of the location of the point. • Command: point • Then enter: #R< • Entering the # identifies the coordinates as absolute coordinates. • Insert Relative polar Coordinates • Use relative polar coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point. • Command: point • Create a reference point • Then enter:@R, • NOTE Absolute coordinates will be entered without # if dynamic input is turned off and relative coordinates will be entered without @ if dynamic input is on.

23. 2. Line Command Next to point, Line is the most simplest object of Auto CAD. The line is the most basic object that you will use. A line can be one segment or a series of successive segments, but each segment is a separate line object. If you need to draw a series of line segments as a single object, such as in a contour map, use a polyline. A line can be drawn between any two points picked within the drawing area.

24. Steps: • The Line Command is found at: • Toolbar: Draw • Pull down: Draw Line • Keyboard: LINE Shortcut L Steps: • Take line command, • Specify the first point, • Specify the end point; to specify the end point of the line, do one of the following: • Move the cursor and click a location, or • Enter a distance and angle from the first point.

25. 3.Construction line Command Lines that extend to infinity in both directions, and can be used as references for creating other objects The Command is found at: Toolbar : Draw Pull down Menu: Draw Construction Line Keyboard: XLINE Shortcut XL

26. Steps: • take construction line command, • Specify a point to define the root of the construction line, • Specify a second point through which the construction line should pass, • Continue to specify construction lines as needed. All subsequent xlines pass through the first root point specified, • Press ENTER to end the command.

27. 4. Ray Command The Ray command creates a line similar to a construction line except that it extends infinitely in only one direction from the first pick point. The direction is determined by the second point. The Ray command is found at: Pull down menu: Ray Keyboard: RAY

28. Steps: • Take Raycommand, • Specify a starting point for the ray, • Specify a point through which the ray should pass, • Continue to specify points to create additional rays as needed. All subsequent rays pass through the first point specified. • Press ENTER to end the command.

29. 5. Polyline • A polyline is a connected sequence of lines or arc segments created as a single object. Use polylines for creating objects such as • Traces on printed circuit boards • Borders • Contour lines, roads, and rivers in maps • Segments with fixed or tapered widths • You can draw polylines of various widths by using the Width and Halfwidth options after you specify a starting point for a polyline. You can also make polyline segments taper.

30. The Polyline cont’d • Once you create a polyline, you can separate the polyline into independent segments with the EXPLODE command, and • You can Join in to a polyine to another polyline, line or arc with the JOIN command.

31. The Polyline cont’d Polylines can also be given line widths to make them appear solid. The Polyline Command is found at: Toolbar : Draw Pull down Menu: Draw Polyline Keyboard: PLINE Shortcut PL

32. Steps: • To draw a polyline with straight segments • Take a Polyline command, • Specify the first point of the polyline, • Specify the endpoint of the first polyline segment, • Continue specifying segment endpoints as needed, • Press ENTER to end, or enter c to close the polyline. To start a new polyline at the endpoint of thelastpolyline drawn, start the PLINE command again and press ENTER at the Specify Start Point prompt.

33. b. To draw a line and arc combination polyline • Take a Polyline command, • Specify the start point of the polyline segment, • Specify the endpoint of the polyline segment, • Switch to Arc mode by entering a (Arc) on the command line, • Return to Line mode by entering L(line), 4.Specify additional polyline segments as needed, 5. Press ENTER to end, or enter C to close the polyline.

34. c. To create a wide polyline • Take a Polyline command, • Specify the start point of the line segment, • Enter w (Width, • Enter the starting width of the line segment, • Specify the ending width of the line segment using one of the following methods: • To create a line segment of equal width, press ENTER, • To create a tapering line segment, enter a different width, 5.Specify the endpoint of the polyline segment, 6. Continue specifying segment endpoints as needed, 7.Press ENTER to end, or enter c to close the polyline,

35. 6. The Rectangle command The Use of Rectangleis to create closed polylines in a rectangular shape. The Rectangle Command is found at: Toolbar: Draw Pull-down: Draw Rectangle Keyboard: RECTANGLE shortcuts REC Notice that; instead of picking a second point to draw the rectangle ,you have option of entering dimensions. You can specify the length, width, area, and rotation parameters.

36. The Rectangle cont’d Steps: • Take a Rectangle command, • Specify the first corner of the rectangle, • Specify the other corner of the rectangle, or • Enter ‘D’ for dimension, • Give length value, • Give width value, • Click for orientation.

37. 7. The polygon Command Polygons are closed polylines with equal-length sides and angles. The Polygon command is the simplest method for creating equilateral triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, and so on. Use polygon to create closed polylines with between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. The Polyline Command is found at: Toolbar: Draw Pull-down: Draw Polygon Keyboard: POLYGON shortcut POL

38. The polygon Cont’d Steps: • Take a Polygon command, • Enter the number of sides, for example, 6, • Click a location for the center of the polygon, • Specify either the Inscribed or the Circumscribed option. This determines how the distance that you enter in the next prompt is measured,

39. The polygon cont’d To specify a “radius” of the polygon, do one of the following: ■ Move the cursor and click a location. ■ Enter a raduis/distance. • Steps to draw a polygon by specifying one edge: • Take a Polygon command, • On the command line, enter the number of sides, • Enter e (Edge). • Specify the start point for one polygon segment. • Specify the endpoint of the polygon segment. • Click to define orientation for the polygon.

40. 8. The Donut Command • Donuts are filled rings or solid-filled circles that actually are closed polylines with width. • To create a donut, you specify its inside and outside diameters and its center. • You can continue creating multiple copies with the same diameter by specifying different center points. To create solid-filled circles, specify an inside diameter of 0.

41. The Donut cont’d The donut Command is found at: Pull-down menu: Draw Donut Keyboard: DONUT shortcut DO Steps: Take the command, Specify the inside diameter, Specify the outside diameter, Specify the center of the donut, Specify the center point for another donut, or press ENTER to complete the command.

42. 9. The Circle command The circle Command is found at: • Toolbar: Draw • Pull-down menu: Draw Circle • Keyboard: Circle shortcut C Steps: • Take the circle command, • Specify the center point, • Specify the radius or diameter.

43. 10. The Arc Command • You can create arcs in several waysfrom the start point to the endpoint. • To create arcs, you have to know three points or various combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction values. • With the exception of the first method, arcs are drawn counterclockwise

44. The Arc Cont’d The arc command is found at: • Toolbar: Draw • Pull-down menu: Draw Arc • Keyboard: Arc shortcut A Steps:To draw an arc by specifying three points • Take the arc command, • Specify the start point, • Specify a point on the arc, • Specify the endpoint.

45. 11. The Spline Command • A spline is a smooth curve that passes through or near a given set of points. You can control how closely the curve fits the points. The Spline Command is found at: • Toolbar: Draw • Pull-down menu: Draw Spline • Keyboard: Spline shortcut Spl • Steps: • Take the spline command, • Specify the start point, • Specify series of points for the Spline, then Enter

46. 12. The Ellipse command • The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis.

47. The Ellipse cont’d The ellipse command is found at: Toolbar: Draw Pull-down menu: Draw Ellipse Keyboard: Ellipse shortcut EL Steps: Take the Ellipse command, Specify the start point of the first axis, Specify the end point of the first axis, Specify the end point of the second axis from the mid point of the first axis.

48. 13. The Region Command A region is a surface created from objects that form a closed shape ,known as a loop. The objects that make up the loops must either be closed or form closed areas by sharing endpoints with other objects. The region Command is found at: Toolbar: Draw Pull down menu: Draw Region Keyboard: REGION, shortcut; REG

49. The Region Cont’d • Steps; • Take the Region command, • Select objects to create the region. These objects must each form an enclosed area, such as a circle or a closed polyline. • Press ENTER. • A message on the command line indicates how many loops were detected and how many regions were created.

50. 14. The Multiline command Multilines are complex lines that consist of between 1 and 16 parallel lines, known as Elements. Default multiline has only two elements. The Multiline command is found at: Pull down menu: Draw Multiline Keyboard: MLINE Short-cut: ML • The Multiline Style Command is found at: • Pull down menu: Format Multiline Style • Keyboard: MLSTYLE • The Multiline Style command is used to create new multiline styles, which can be used with the multiline command.