Using GPS for Smarter Municipal Solid Waste Management

1. Using GPS for Smarter Municipal Solid Waste Management Dipankar Bhattacharjee Research Fellow Centre For Urban Economic Studies Dept. of Economics, University of Calcutta

2. How important is Smarter Waste Management to build Smarter Cities? Labour Productivity Economic Growth fosters increases Hygiene 1) Makes the city Cleaner Environment gives Revenue 2) Attractive Who looks smarter? Personification shows that the one who dresses tidily, looks cleaner and exhibits an upright attitude, looks smarter than the other. Good Management increases Efficiency of the System 3) Cost Saving Time Saving generates More opportunities for growth Scale Economies Productive capacity

3. Scale Economy in West Bengal Average cost of MSWM Quantity of waste generated (in MTs)

4. Scale Economy in West Bengal, conti. Labour Capital and Labour Costs Capital Population

6. Cost Function: C= 1.44 + 0.39 q+ 0.04 q2 • MSWM is highly capital intensive • Capitals such as compactor trucks, stationary compactors, hook loaders, etc., are huge assets with 8-10 years of service life – unless their productive capacity is fully utilized, scale economies will operate • Clubbing areas/ regions together may minimize cost and maximize utilization Average Cost (AC), Marginal Cost (MC) Waste Generated in metric tons Economies of Scale operates in SWM (Study sample: municipalities of West Bengal)

7. At what stage the technology can enter? Disposal and Landfill Primary Collection Secondary Collection & Transportation GPS, GIS, Crowd sourcing, Wireless technology and SAP ERP GPS, GIS and Wireless technology GIS and LST Eg: Vector maps of Landfill sites, temperature and soil composition, etc. Eg: Tracking vehicle locations, informing vehicles about queue at the weighbridge, driver-waste bin coordination through mobile phones, etc. Eg: Smart Bins, Vector maps of the locality, digital transfer of information, community participation through mobile phones, etc.

8. How Geographical Information System (GIS)/ Geographical Positioning System (GPS) can increase the economic efficiency of Municipal Waste Management?

9. MSWM in operation GPS enters here Fig: Flow chart of household waste collection, transportation and disposal Source: Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

10. Smart Bins • The Web Portals can be operated by private or public agencies which actually encourages ‘private partnerships’ (PPP). • Smart look makes the streets attractive for tourists. • In a NASSCOM presentation (June, 2015), P. Chandrashekher emphasized much on “Smart Bins” and Vehicle tracking • Swatch Bharat Mission adopted ‘smart bin’ • www.smartcitiesindia.com website also mentions the use of GIS into system • Unique identification no. • Reports fill-level information in every hour (= 24 measurements per day) to Web Portal at pre-defined times • Alerts collection

11. Increasing efficiency of collection using GPS Performance analysis Data received from “smart bins” Plan collection Ready for disposal Collection schedule sent to the truck drivers Optimize collection routes

12. Vehicle Tracking System for secondary collection & Transportation e.g. SecureonTech real time vehicle GPS tracking & fleet Telematics software

13. Just a cost comparison by keeping the ‘sweeping cost’ (sweepers’ payments) constant Existing condition Cost Savings = 3,318,500 Smart Bin

14. Cost of Installing GPS vehicle tracker for MSWM in Kolkata

15. Modernizing Kolkata Kalighat Compactor Station Volumetric capacity: 10.5m3 Cycle time : 45 seconds Electrical power : 2.2 KW Compaction force : 30 MT

16. Geospatial dynamism in India • The aim of the FICCI Task Force on Geospatial Technologies is to mainstream the use of geospatial technologies in various sectors and applications in India. • GIS based technologies has been expanding at such a substantial pace that it is estimated to touch the figure of USD 10 billion by 2019 (Indian Geospatial Market Report 2009). • Several Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are now using geospatial technology for good governance and efficient management. • India making a shift from E-governance to G- governance with expanding its application in all sectors. Geospatial World Market Research (2010) – the Indian geospatial industry’s annual productive capacity was about Rs.3,944 Cr. (39.44 billion).

17. Looking forward • The Road Information System (RIS) developed by the National Highways Authority of India for its 5,846km Golden Quadrilateral project uses geospatial tools for highway management. • Kanpur municipality claims its tax revenues increased threefold after it introduced a GIS based system to assess and collect property tax and make its operations transparent. • The Road Information System (RIS) developed by the National Highways Authority of India for its 5,846km Golden Quadrilateral project uses geospatial tools for highway management. • A mix of geospatial systems, with simulation and modelling tools, helps the Indian Railways analyse the long term financial viability of its investment plans. • PSCDCL has decided to focus on public transport with installation of GPS and real time tracking of buses through mobile app, vehicle health monitoring system, intelligent road asset management, traffic map using mobile GPS, etc. • With OLA, Uber, etc., cab applications we are already using GPS to a great extent. Directing these resources would yield much higher economic efficiency and make way for making a city smart.

18. Thank you