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Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

26. Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China. Civilizations in Crisis. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands

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Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

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  1. 26 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

  2. Civilizations in Crisis • From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China

  3. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Ottoman decline • By early 1700s • Power struggles • Rivalry with the West for trade

  4. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Results • Austrian Habsburgs • Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans • Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea • Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans • Greeks, independent, 1830 • Serbia, 1867 • By 1870, most of the Balkans • Capital threatened

  5. Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  6. Reform and Survival • British support Ottomans v. Russia • Selim III • Reforms anger Janissaries • 1807, deposed, assassinated

  7. Reform and Survival • Mahmud II • Professional army • Replaces Janissaries, 1826 • Reforms: Tanzimat • Universities on Western models • Railways • 1876, European-style constitution

  8. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt • Napoleon • Defeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt • Muhammad Ali • Emerges after French withdraw • Albanian Ottoman

  9. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt • Reforms • Military: army, navy • Agricultural modernization

  10. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance • Muhammad Ali's successors • Drop reform • Ayans profit from peasantry • Cotton • Crucial export crop • Indebtedness to foreign creditors • Suez Canal, open, 1869

  11. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance • University of al-Azhar • Center of Muslim thinkers • al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh • Push for Westernization • Underline traditional Muslim rationalism • Ahmad Orabai • Revolt against khedive, 1882 • British intervene • Period of puppet khedives under British

  12. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan • Sudan challenges British • Can't control camel nomads • Muhammad Achmad, the Mahdi • Proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British • Controls Sudan • Succeeded by Khalifa Abdallahi

  13. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan • General Kitchener • Omdurman, 1896 • Mahdists crushed

  14. Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  15. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China • Nurhaci (1559-1626) • Manchu leader • Drives Chinese south of Great Wall • Signification of Manchuria • 1644, take Beijing • Found Qing dynasty • Qing • Retain Ming rule

  16. Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839-1841 to World War I

  17. Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule • Qing social system maintained • Manchu • Rural reforms • Infrastructure maintained • Burdens lessened • Silver influx to 1800 • Compradors • Merchants along coast • Tie China to outside

  18. Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration • Qing decline • Exam system corrupt • Yellow River dikes not maintained • Flooding • Unrest: migration, outlaws

  19. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After • British • Import Indian opium to China • Chinese react • Lin Zexu • Blockades European trade • British invade, 1839 • Chinese defeated • Hong Kong to British • Ports forced to reopen

  20. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After • British • Import Indian opium to China • Chinese react • Lin Zexu • Blockades European trade • British invade, 1839 • Chinese defeated • Hong Kong to British • Ports forced to reopen

  21. Coastal China and Its Hinterland in the 19th Century

  22. A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms • Hong Xiuquan • Taiping rebellion • Calls for social, land reforms • Criticize Qing, Manchus • Crushed by Empress Cixi, 1898 • Boxer Rebellion • Anti-foreign conflict • Crushed by Western powers

  23. The Fall of the Qing:The End of a Civilization? • Resistance goes underground • Plots to push Westernization • Sun Yat-sen • 1905, civil service exams ended • End of scholar-gentry • 1911, rebellions • 1912, last Qing emperor removed

  24. Global Connections: Muslim and Chinese Decline and a Shifting Global Balance • Similarities • Both weakened by internal conflicts • But Muslim countries fare better • China more severely disrupted • Shift in idea of China as the center of the world • No experience in being defeated

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