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Reducing diesel pollution in goods movement is critical for public health and a sustainable future. This presentation discusses the impact of diesel emissions, particularly in urban areas like New York City, where diesel vehicles contribute significantly to particulate matter. The regulatory framework exists, but the phase-out of older, polluting vehicles is slow. This talk outlines successful strategies, such as the Clean Air Action Plan and the PANYNJ Truck Replacement Program, which showcase scalable solutions to improve air quality and public health by modernizing fleets and reducing emissions.
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Getting From Problem to Solution: Reducing Diesel Pollution From Goods Movement Rich Kassel September 23, 2011 rkassel@nrdc.org
Introduction: A Vision of Goods Movement • We all want and need stuff—more all the time • Need to address all key pollution sources to create a sustainable goods movement future • Believe it or not, the regulatory process is in place • But turnover is slow – trucks, equipment, and ships last a long time • So how do we speed things up in an economically and politically constrained world?
In 1995, most midtown PM at street-level came from diesel vehicles Average PM Source Contribution in Midtown Manhattan
NYC Transit Clean-Fuel Bus Program showed Clean Diesels possible
Applicable lessons from NYC Transit for the Goods Movement debate • Use objective criteria: Technology-neutral, fuel-neutral measurement of PM and NOx reductions • 90% of the NYC Transit’s emission benefits came from “retiring and replacing” the older buses regardless of fuel/technology chosen for the new buses • Retrofits worked—but perhaps best only in sophisticated maintenance environments? • Solutions that are scalable and replicable will provide benefits beyond the initial program
A Bit of Context: Goods Movement impacts In A Few Quick Slides
Reducing Ship Pollution Saves Lives Along Coasts and Inland Premature deaths from PM due to Ship Emissions Cleaner marine fuels would reduce nationwide ship health impacts by ~ 60 %. Source: Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A., Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2007,41, (24), 8512–8518
It’s not just PM – Goods Movement is a major CO2 emitter >30% efficiency <3 year Paybacks = > $70bn a year is being wasted
EPA truck standards are cleanest in the world…but old trucks are dirty 1994 500 PPM (6/93) 5.0 1998 4.0 SULFUR 2002 NOx [g/HP-hr] 2.5 2007 ULSD 15 PPM (7/06) 1.2 0.2 2010010 0.01 0.10 PM [g/HP-hr]
IMO Emissions Control Area Will Reduce Ship Pollution • ECA: 200 nm from US and Canadian coast • Two key components: • 2015: Sulfur levels drop from today’s >25,000 ppm to 1,000 ppm • 2016: PM cut 85% and NOx cut 80% • Benefits: 14,000 premature deaths and >$100B in net health costs by 2020
Comprehensive Program Will Avoid ~40,000 Premature Deaths Annually Note: Premature death numbers are annual estimates, as of 2020 for IMO ECA, 2030 for all others
U.S. Vehicle Regulations Are Extremely Cost-Effective Total Cost: approx. $13 Billion Total Benefits: approx. $290 Billion Costs Benefits
…But These Engines Last for Decades, So We Need to Accelerate the Phase-out… 2 Examples of Drayage Clean-up Worth Exploring
Example 1: POLA Clean Air Action Plan • Resulted from NRDC’s China Shipping lawsuit. • Addressed all major sources of port pollution: trucks, ships, trains, cargo handling equipment. • Set firm goals for reductions of diesel particulate matter from each source.
Solutions in the Clean Air Action Plan • Diesel trucks: • Progressive ban on older trucks • Cargo container fee on dirty trucks • Structural change in employment structure • Ships: • Cold ironing • Cleaner fuel • Speed reduction • Cargo handling equipment: • Electrification • Trains: • Anti-idling recommendations
Example 2: Developing the PANYNJ Truck Replacement Program • Multi-stakeholder effort in 2009-2010, co-chaired by PANYNJ and NRDC • Included all key sectors • Why different than POLA?: Huge economic and political constraints after 2008 recession • Different goals: truck replacements and reduced emissions only • Container fees, labor issues not on the table
PANYNJ Truck Replacement and Phase Out Programs Truck Phase Out Program Phase 1: Ban pre-1994 NY engines, as of Jan. 2011 Phase 2: Ban pre-2007 engines, as of Jan. 2017 Trucks register in Drayage Truck Registry, voluntary sticker system Truck Replacement Program (TRP): Received 180 applications for 202 trucks (72% IOO) 63 trucks sold (70% IOO) Eligibility now expanded to trucks with 2003 or older engines Supplemental TRP $1.57M EPA grant; $4.3M PA funds (financing @5.25%) Eligibility: Trucks with engines 2003 or older Replacement vehicle must be 2007 emission compliant
2010 Drayage Truck Characterization Survey 20102008 Pre-1994 Frequent Callers 196 (4.7%) 709 (16%) Pre-1994 Total 390 (4.5%) 2406 (15%) Total Frequent Callers 4189 4544 Total Trucks 8496 16286 Most Common MY 2000 1999 & 2000 Average MY 2000 1998
Next Steps for PANYNJ Clean Truck Program—and other new programs? • Given budget constraints, will there be continued financial support? • What additional steps need to be taken for phase 2 (i.e., post-2007 engines in 2017)? • Can EPA Smartway Drayage Program help accelerate clean-up? • If ships are wasting fuel, can ports create incentives for ship efficiency too?
Conclusions • Thanks to EPA and IMO regulations, new truck, equipment, and ship engines will be much cleaner than old models • But turnover is very, very slow • No one-size-fits-all approach to accelerating the clean-up: POLA and PANYNJ show different ways to eliminate old trucks • Successful solutions must take into account needs of all stakeholders and local environmental, economic, and political conditions
If A Picture is Worth A Thousand Words, How Much Are These Two Slides Worth?
Southern California Cancer Risk from Air Pollution: 2000 Data Cancers per million Source: SCAQMD, Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II, March 2000
So. CA Cancer Risk from Air Pollution: When All Trucks, Equipment, and Ships are Clean Cancers per million Source: SCAQMD, Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study II, March 2000
