How to Write Effectively

1. How to Write Effectively Presented by Prof. Wu Bing

2. Outline I. The importance of writing II. Writing in Chinese vs Writing in English III. Criteria of a good piece of writing IV. Methods to improve your writing

3. I. The importance of writing A Writing activities of a native-speaker may be different from those of a foreigner. B Writing is one of the five basic skills one should master in the course of learning any language. C Writing ability is often the mark of a cultured person.

4. I. The importance of writing A Writing activities of a native-speaker may be different from those of a foreigner. Investigation on communicative activities of adult native speakers before Internet came into being.

5. I. The importance of writing Reading maketh a full man; conference, a ready man and writing an exact man. B Writing is one of the five basic skills one should master in the course of learning any language. Francis Bacon

6. I. The importance of writing C Writing ability is often the mark of a cultured person.

7. II. Writing in Chinese vs Writing in English Similarities Principles of writing Differences Purpose of Writing

8. III. Criteria of a good piece of writing Contents special, important, interesting Organization Clear Language correct, appropriate

9. IV. Methods to improve your writing A B C D E F G H

10. IV. Methods to improve your writing Bear in mind that writing well involves other abilities than simply being able to write correct English, especially when content and organization are concerned. A

11. IV. Methods to improve your writing Keep in mind that your audiences are foreign users of English when considering what to write and how to express yourself. B

12. IV. Methods to improve your writing Note that cultural differences result in stylistic differences in English and Chinese writing. C C1 C2 C3 C4

13. C1 Narration and description in Chinese seem to be a bit more ornate or “flowery” than in English. I walked joyfully along the path that was lit up by the golden rays of the morning sun. Beautiful flowers of many colors were blooming. How fragrant they smelled! Little birds were singing in the trees, as if greeting me “Good morning!Good morning!”… my heart was bursting with happiness.

14. C2 Chinese and English-speaking people seem to look differently on the use of set phrases and expressions. Good English Writing encourages originality and discourages “cliches”.

15. C3 English-speaking writers tend to be less militant in tone and language than most Chinese in such writing as news, social or political essays, and editorials. The idea is to “let the facts speak for themselves”.

16. C4 Note that English speaking people and Chinese think differently: the former tend to be specific, whereas the latter tend to generalize when writing. 某某在访美期间和各行各业人士进行了广泛的接触，讨论了诸多有关双边关系的重大问题。

17. IV. Methods to improve your writing Try to overcome your special weaknesses in writing with the help of your teacher and correct them one by one, starting from the easier ones such as spelling, punctuation, word division, etc. D

18. D Correction Marks

21. IV. Methods to improve your writing E Learn to paraphrase. 丰富人们的精神生活 To enrich the people’s spiritual lives To enrich the people’s lives culturally and intellectuallyTo satisfy the people’s intellectual and cultural needs

22. IV. Methods to improve your writing F Practice makes perfect. Keep a diary Write book reports Write about a film …

23. IV. Methods to improve your writing Read simplified versions of English novels and English translations of world masterpieces. G Franklin’s way of improving his writing may be helpful.

24. IV. Methods to improve your writing Makes good use of all kinds of dictionaries. H H1 H2 H3 H4

25. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995)

26. Symbols： to show the 1000, 2000, 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English as well as frequency graphs of some verbs.

27. Symbols: Example 1 live v. S1,W1 （P.830) live adj. S3, W3 (P.831) advantage S1, W1 ( admit S2, W1 advance n. S3, W2 adore not marked

28. Symbols： Example 2 (p.1052) Let is much common in spoken English than allow and permit. Allow is more common in written English. Permit is a formal word meaning to officially let someone do something.

29. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Chart: to list the different meanings of a word. Live (p.830)

30. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Usage note: 1. To show word choice (p.788) World, earth, land, ground, floor, soil, country, little, small

31. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Usage note: 2. To show collocation/grammar (p.1660) wrong

32. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Colored picture: • To show physical contact • (p.1259) • punch, pinch, tap, tickle, • slap, squeeze, flick, thump, • elbow, push, hug, stroke, • push/shove, pull/drag, pat

33. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Colored picture: 2. To show adjectives (p.1258) broken windowpane; chipped cup; tattered curtains; threadbare rug;

34. H1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd Edition (1995) Colored picture: 3. To show pieces (p.416) a bar of soap/chocolate;a slice of bread/cake;a cube of sugar;a sheet of paper;a pane of glass;a block of ice;

35. H2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Appendices: Punctuation (p.1803)

36. H2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Appendices: Numerical expressions (p. 1811-1822)

37. H2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Appendices: Geographical names (p. 1827-1834)

38. H2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Appendices: Common forenames (p.1835-1842)

39. H2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Appendices: Family relationships (p.1843)

40. H3 Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995) Frequency bands: The most frequent words have five black diamonds, the next most frequent four and so on. 5 diamonds: 700 words4 diamonds: 1200 words3 diamonds: 1500 words2 diamonds: 3200 words1 diamond: 8100 words

41. H3 Collins Cobuild English Dictionary(1995) Definitions given in complete sentences instead of words and phrases. play (p.1258-59)

42. Play 1. When children, animal, pr perhaps adults play, they spend time doing enjoyable things,such as using toys and taking part in games. 2. When you playa sport, game, or match,you take part in it. 3. When one person or team plays another or plays againstthem, they complete against them in a sport or game.

43. Play 4. When you play the ball or play a shot or a stroke in a game or sport, you kick or hit the ball. 5. If you play a joke or a trick on someone, you deceive them or give them a surprise in a way that you think is funny, but that often causes problems for them or annoys them. 6. If you play with an object or with your hair, you keep moving it or touching it with your fingers, perhaps because you are bored or nervous.

44. H3 Collins Cobuild English Dictionary(1995) Style and Usage · British/American English· a formal/informal word· used in journalism or in written/spoken English· a medical/legal/technical term· an old-fashioned/offensive word in British English

45. H3 Collins Cobuild English Dictionary(1995) Pragmatics suppose (p.1679)

46. H3 Dictionary of Contemporary English Collocations 《当代英语搭配大词典》 高教出版社， 2002年 change(p.220-221) n. 1. 变化，变革；替换（物） 2. 找头，零钱，硬币

47. change V Momentous changes have been accomplished.bring about (cause, effect) a changecarry out (make)changeswork out social changes V2 That such a change should have occurred (taken place) was incredible to him. Q an abruptchange in weather…. a world-historic change P after several changes P2 the change from spring to summer a changein personnel the changeof seasons

48. 再见