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EUROPE

EUROPE. UNIT 4:. Chapter 13 – Natural Environments of Europe. Section 1 – Physical Features (pgs 291-294). Nation-State - an independent state inhabited by all the people of one nation who share a common culture, history, and language.

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EUROPE

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  1. EUROPE UNIT 4:

  2. Chapter 13 – Natural Environments of Europe Section 1 – Physical Features (pgs 291-294)

  3. Nation-State - an independent state inhabited by all the people of one nation who share a common culture, history, and language • While the terms country, state, and nation are often used interchangeably, there is a difference. A State (note the capital "S") is a self-governing political entity. The term State can be used interchangeably with country. • A nation, however, is a tightly-knit group of people which share a common culture. A nation-state is a nation which has the same borders as a State. • Places like France, Egypt, Germany, and Japan are excellent examples of nation-states. • There are some States which have 2 nations, such as Canada

  4. Microstate - a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area, but usually both. Some examples include : • Liechtenstein • Malta • Monaco • Vatican City

  5. Enclave • A country or part of a country lying wholly within the boundaries of another Exclave • A part of a country that is isolated from the main part and is surrounded by foreign territory.

  6. Landforms Europe stretches North to South: Artic Ocean Mediterranean Sea East to West: Atlantic Ocean  Ural Mountains

  7. Major Islands Great Britain, Ireland & Iceland

  8. Major Peninsulas Scandinavian Jutland Iberian Italian Balkan

  9. 4 Major Landform Regions • Northwest Highlands • Northern European Plain • Central Uplands • Alpine Mountain System

  10. Northwest Highlands [To the NORTH] • Ireland, United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales), Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland), NW France, part of Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) • rugged hills, low eroded mountains • During ice age glaciers cut deep narrow inlets of seawater called fjords, left the soil thin and with thousands of lakes

  11. The Northwest Highlands

  12. Northern European Plain [To the SOUTH] • Coastal plain = low, flat land = smooth terrain = good for travel, trade, & migration • Many rivers = fertile farmland = large populations = river towns like Paris & Berlin = good for travel, trade, migration & wars • Densely or Sparsely Populated?

  13. Northern European Plain

  14. Central Uplands [to the west and center] • France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Czech Republic • small plateaus, fertile valleys • Eroded region = rounded hills & mountains • Known for coal & industry

  15. Central Uplands

  16. Alpine Mountain System [to the South] • Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece • Large snowfields , avalanches, and glaciers are common • Includes: the Alps in north of Italy, the Carpathian Mountains in Eastern Europe, the Apennines in Italy, and the Pyrenees of France and Spain Carpathian Alps Apennines Pyrenees

  17. Alpine Mountain System • The Alpine System was formed by the colliding of the European and African Tectonic plates = earthquakes and volcanic activities Mount Vesuvius 1944 eruption Pompeii AD 79

  18. Alpine Mountain System

  19. Objective:Describe Europe’s major landform regions. Europe’s Major Landform Regions

  20. Water in Europe • North Sea-important for trade & fishing (Baltic Sea freezes in winter) • North Atlantic Ocean-Explorers, Fishers, Merchants • Natural harbors along coast are located near navigable rivers (deep enough & wide enough for shipping) = good for trade by sea

  21. Water in Europe-Thames River • pronounced: [timz] • England

  22. Water in Europe-Seine River • pronounced: [sɛn, sin] • France

  23. Water in Europe-Rhine River • Rises in the Swiss Alps, NW through Germany, enters the North Sea

  24. Water in Europe-Danube River • Begins in the uplands of S Germany, E through 9 countries in Central & Eastern Europe, empties into the Black Sea • The Danube River is 1,771 miles long and the second longest river in Europe after the Volga.

  25. Major Water Challenge: POLLUTION entering ocean from rivers

  26. Seaworks- structures used to hold back the sea • Much of the Netherlands (Holland) is below sea level, so the Dutch use seaworks to “reclaim land from the sea”. Examples: Dikes - earthen banks Polder - a process using dikes & drainage to make land liveable

  27. Another amazing way the Dutch altered the environment is the Zuider Zee It used to be part of the North Sea & is now a freshwater lake Built dikes all the way across the entrance to the waterway & cut off the flow of salt water. The freshwater lake is now called Ijsselmeer Transformingthe Sea Map showing the Ijsselmeer

  28. 120 islands make up Venice, Italy There are 150 canals that snake around & through the islands leaving ppl 2 choices: walk or take a boat Located @ the N. end of the Adriatic Sea it is an excellent port city Satellite Image of Venice

  29. Bldgs are supported by lg wooden pilings The weight of the bldgs is too much & Venice is sinking Pollution: industrial waste, sewage, & saltwater are eating away at bldg foundations & damage the bldgs Erosion has allowed more seawater into the lagoon, which has led to a flooding problem Construction & Problems in Venice Canal & buildings in Venice

  30. Objective: Identify the major rivers and bodies of water found in Europe.

  31. Chapter 13 – Natural Environments of Europe Section 2 – Climates and Biomes (pgs 296-298)

  32. Europe: 3 Major Climates • Marine West Coast • Humid Continental • Mediterranean

  33. Major Climates Marine West Coast Humid Continental Mediterranean

  34. Marine West Coast Climate • throughout N & W Europe • Atlantic storms bring clouds & rain • Snow & frost in winter • Mild temperatures • Cloudy, drizzly days are common

  35. Humid Continental Climate • 4 distinct seasons • Severe winters • Summer droughts hurt Hungary & Romania

  36. Mediterranean Climate • Separated from other 2 climates by high mountains; Alps • Most rain occurs during mild winter • Long, dry, sunny summers in S Europe

  37. 4 Minor Climates • Subartic (Norway, Sweden, Finland) • Tundra (Iceland & N Scandinavia) • Humid Subtropical (S, SE of Alps) • Semiarid (parts of Spain blocked from ocean by mountains)

  38. Objective: Analyze how ocean currents affect Europe’s climates North Atlantic Drift • Despite Europe’s high latitude it has a very mild climate caused by the North Atlantic Drift – a warm ocean current that flows from the southwest WARM WATER COLD WATER

  39. Climates of Europe

  40. Temperate Forest (most of Europe has this) • Mediterranean Scrub Forest • Boreal Forest • Tundra

  41. Human activities harming plants & animals: • Hunting leads to animal extinction • Logging depletes forests and harms animal habitats • Pollution harms waterways and animals drinking water

  42. Objective: Identify the biomes found in Europe. Plants & Animals: 4 Major Biomes

  43. Chapter 13 – Natural Environments of Europe Section 3 – Natural Resources (pgs 299-301)

  44. Natural Resources in Europe • Forests • Soils • Fisheries • Minerals • Energy

  45. Natural Resources-Forests Problems: • Clearing & overgrazing • Air pollution & acid rain Solutions: • Reforestation & Forest Protection Programs for Sweden & Finland Damaged trees in the Black Forest (Germany)

  46. Natural Resources-Soils • More than half of Europe’s land area is used for farming • Some soils developed from loess (fine-grained windblown soil that is very fertile) • River valleys are major farming centers • Efficient methods & modern technology help Europe have crop yields among the highest in the world (Chemical fertilizers, crop rotation, machines to plant & harvest)

  47. Natural Resources-Fishing • Throughout history, an important part of Europe’s economy = fishing • Warm North Atlantic Drift mixes with cold polar waters (Iceland, Norway, Spain, Denmark) • Problems = Overfishing & coastal pollution

  48. Objective: Locate Europe’s forest, soil, and fishery resources.

  49. Natural Resources-Minerals • To meet industry & energy needs, Europe heavily imports minerals • Lack oil, iron, & other metals (oil & gas come from Asia, Russia, Africa) • BUT, they have large deposits of coal (Germany-one of world’s largest, Britain, Poland) iron ore, uranium, lead, zinc, marble Coal Mines in Germany

  50. The yellowish translucent amber is often made into jewelry. The world’s largest deposits of amber are found along the shores of the Baltic Sea. Some date back to 60 million years ago. Preserved bodies of ancient insects have been found inside some deposits.

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