Religion, Peace and Justice Unit (Topic 10 in the examination) A review of the main topics

1. Religion, Peace and Justice Unit (Topic 10 in the examination) A review of the main topics

2. Christian Attitudes To War There are references in the Old Testament of the Bible to warfare, and it was thought that victory would belong to the Chosen People (the Jews) through the power of God However the Jews did look forward to the coming of the Messiah, the “Prince of Peace”, after which peace would reign across the world. The Christians were originally those Jews that accepted Jesus as the Messiah. The teachings of Jesus in no way support warfare. He encouraged “pacifism” instead, turning the other cheek and never meeting violence with violence

3. Reasons For A War To Be Called “Just” • Christians have not always been pacifists. Thomas Aquinas laid down the guidelines by which a Christian can decide whether a specific war is “just” (fair, right) or not. • The war must be declared by a government not an individual • There must be a good reason for war e.g. self-defence • The intention of the war must be good e.g. to restore peace • Civilians should be protected • The war should not cause unnecessary harm

4. Conscientious Objectors Those who refuse to fight on the grounds of conscience, including religious belief, are known as conscientious objectors Some Christians belief that modern weapons are so devastating that no war can be “just” today In the First and Second World Wars some pacifists carried out “non-combatant” roles e.g. doctor, cook. Some were put in prison. The Society of Friends (Quakers) are the only officially pacifist Christian Church

5. Christian attitudes to violence The Quaker Peace testimony of 1660 is the most famous statement of Christian pacifism. Read it here. Compare with this passage from the Old Testament, one of many, which indicate that God calls believers to battle. What did Jesus have to say on the subject? Read it here … or try this from Jesus

6. ` • Reasons why many Christians are pacifists • A commandment says “thou shalt not kill” • Jesus spoke about pacifism • The actions and example of Jesus • War rarely solves problems, just creates new ones • An evil action should never be met with retaliation

7. Justice and Punishment Christians believe that God is the ultimate Judge of us all at our deaths. However some judgement has to be passed on earth for bad actions. Christians believe that prisoners should be treated humanely and kept in good conditions The Five Purposes of Punishment Retribution – making the criminal pay Deterrence – a warning to other potential criminals Protection – to look after the interests of law-abiding citizens Reformation – giving the criminal the opportunity to change Vindication – a way of showing what society finds acceptable or unacceptable

8. Capital Punishment Capital punishment is putting people to death for the most serious crimes. It is carried out in many countries in the world including Iran, China, Pakistan and USA. Many Christians are against Capital Punishment because it makes it impossible for the criminal to reform Some sources on capital punishment in the USA Amnesty International Capital Punishment information

9. Social Injustice Christianity teaches that God created everybody and created them to be equal All forms of social injustice and discrimination are therefore wrong. The main pillars of social justice are: Human rights; equality before the law; freedom of movement, thought, opinion, conscience, religion; the right to marry and have children. Christians would be expected to struggle alongside people facing social injustice e.g in South America where the teachings of |Liberation theology call for direct political action to fight injustice.