Basic Structure of a Cell

1. Basic Structure of a Cell

2. Prokaryotic Cell Label

3. Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

4. 1. Cell Membrane Phospholipids • Heads - glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic • Tails - fatty acids and are hydrophobic • Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other • Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O) to enter

5. Cell Membrane Cell membrane proteins • Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition • Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer) • Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane

6. Cell Membrane Glycoproteins • Glycoproteins usually integral proteins that have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition Recognize “self”

7. Outside of cell Carbohydrate chains Proteins Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Cell Membrane • Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins • Surrounds outside of ALL cells called the Living layer • Controls what enters or leaves the cell • If this membrane was not selectively permeable, the cell’s content would be the same as its surroundings.

8. Cell Membrane Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing…calledfluid mosaic model Least likely to find water

9. 2. Cytoplasm cytoplasm • Jelly-likesubstance enclosed by cell membrane • Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place • Made up of cytosol (fluid) and protein. • Containsorganelles to carry out specific jobs • Found in ALL cells

10. 3. Nucleus - The Control Organelle • Controls the activities of the cell • Contains the DNA, • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes • Genes control cell characteristics • Usually the largest organelle

11. Nuclear Envelope • Double bilayer membrane surrounding nucleus • Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus • Connected to the rough ER Nuclear pores

12. DNA -Inside the Nucleus • The genetic material (DNA) is found in the nucleus as… • DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells • DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

13. DNA • DNA is the hereditary material of the cell • Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins

14. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli • Disappears when cell divides • Makes ribosomes that make proteins

15. 3. Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria) • “Powerhouse” of the cell because it generates cellular energy (ATP) • More active cells like musclecells have MORE mitochondria • Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria • Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

16. MITOCHONDRIA • Surrounded by aDOUBLE membrane • Has its own DNA • Folded inner membrane called Cristae (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) • Interior called the Matrix

17. Interesting Fact --- • Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGGcell during fertilization Therefore … • You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

18. What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP

19. 4. Ribosomes • Made of PROTEINS and rRNA • “Protein factories” for cell • Join amino acids to make proteins • Process called protein synthesis 

20. Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

21. 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER • Network of hollow membrane tubules • Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane • Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

22. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Has ribosomeson its surface • Makes membrane proteins and proteins forEXPORT out of cell

23. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface • They are then threaded through the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

24. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth ERlacks ribosomes on its surface • Isattached to the ends of rough ER • Makes cell products that are used inthe cell

25. Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane phospholipids • Regulates calcium (muscle cells) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

26. 6. Golgi Bodies • Stacks of flattened sacs • Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) • Receive proteins made by ER • Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends CIS TRANS Transport vesicle

27. Golgi Bodies • Look like a stack of pancakes • Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transportout of cell

28. Golgi Animation • Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by vacuoles.

29. 7. Vacuole • In plants, they store Cell Sap • Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes

30. 8. Cytoskeleton • Helps cell maintain cell shape • Also help move organelles around • Made of proteins • Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN • Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS

31. Two Types of Microtubules • Centrioles • Cilia & Flagella

32. Cilia & Flagella • Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells • Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells

33. Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella

34. In the Respiratory System - cilia moves dust particles and mucus out of the lungs

35. 9. Centrioles • Found only in animal cells • Paired structures near nucleus • Made of bundle of microtubules • Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle • Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

36. 10. Pseudopodia Protozoa • Temporary cytoplasmic movement in amebae or protozoa which function in locomotionand/or in feeding by surrounding their food. • One or more may be formed at a time by a given cell. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WOAf4zDgaJo

37. 11. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • These enzymes break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts (organelles, phospholipids, etc.)

38. Organelles Specific To Plants

39. 12. Cell Wall Cell wall • Nonlivinglayer: found in plants, fungi, & bacteria • Made of cellulose in plants • Supports and protects cell • Found outside of the cell membrane

40. 13. Large Central Vacuole • Fluid filled sacks for water storage in plant cells • Small or absent in animal cells, unlike plants which have one large Central Vacuole

41. 14. Plastid • Organelles involved in the synthesis & storage of food. • Chromoplasts - carrot root cells - filled with the orange pigment carotene. • Chloroplasts use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

42. Chloroplast • Found only in producers (organelles containing chlorophyll) never in animal cells. • Use energy from sunlight to make food (glucose) • Energy from sun is stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars

43. Chloroplast • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane and has its own DNA • Outer membrane smooth/Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids • Stacks of sacs is called Grana & are interconnected • Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

44. Chloroplast