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April 27, 2007

ECT Spring 2007 Workshop. April 27, 2007. Preparing the Next Generation of Technological Leaders Anthony J. Marchese Associate Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering Rowan University. The Issue. Produce Technological Leaders…and Leaders who Understand Technology. September 11

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April 27, 2007

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  1. ECT Spring 2007 Workshop April 27, 2007 Preparing the Next Generation of Technological Leaders Anthony J. Marchese Associate Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering Rowan University

  2. The Issue Produce Technological Leaders…and Leaders who Understand Technology September 11 Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech Global Warming …each of these situations could have been prevented with leadership who understood technology.

  3. The Talent Pool How do make sure that the best and brightest are attracted to careers in science and technology? Cool Role Models Cool Products Cool Lifestyle Making a Good Living Making a Big Difference

  4. Global Warming A Civilization Scale Challenge Global warming is said to be the first “civilization scale challenge” ever encountered by the human race. This challenge can only be conquered by a comprehensive new energy paradigm that will require conservation, wind energy, solar energy, biofuels, carbon sequestration, nuclear and other technologies. Experts agree that if society does not act quickly (i.e. within the next decade) to implement these new strategies that the effects of global warming will most likely be irreversible.

  5. Atmospheric CO2is rising rapidly N. Lewis, Caltech

  6. The world is warming From: Anders Röj (Volvo Inc.) Agenda 2020 Technology Summit (2004)

  7. CO2 release rises with per capita GDP N. Lewis Caltech

  8. Biodiesel Biodiesel and biodiesel blends offer many benefits, including: • reduced greenhouse gas emissions (biodiesel CO2 is renewable) • reduced CO, HC, sulfur, PAH and PM exhaust emissions • reduced health risks associated with diesel exhaust • decreased dependence on petroleum imports • developing new markets for agricultural products such as soybeans and waste animal fats.

  9. Freshman Engineering Project Build a Biodiesel Processing Unit to Convert Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

  10. Biodiesel is made by replacing the hydrocarbon link in a tri-glyceride with a methyl group to form 3 methyl esters and glycerol. The methyl esters are what is called biodiesel. The hydrocarbon chains in vegetable oils are attached to glycerin Vegetable Oils and animal fats are Tri-glycerides

  11. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL CONVERSION OF TRIGLYCERIDES TO METHYLATED FATTY ACIDS Four Key Ingredients: 1. Vegetable Oil or Animal Fat (feedstock) 2. Methanol 3. Catalyst (NaOH or KOH) 4. Heat The recipe (from NAFTC): National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium 1 liter of oil 250 ml methanol(25% by vol.) 5 grams catalyst(NaOH or KOH) React at 50-60 oC for 2 hours In English Units: 1 gallon of oil 1 quart methanol(25% by vol.) 0.7 ounces catalyst(NaOH or KOH) React at 120-140 oF for 2 hours

  12. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on the amount of feedstock you are using:

  13. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL To begin: • Heat your oil to 50-60 oC (120-140 oF) • Calculate the amount of methanol and catalyst needed • Dissolve catalyst in methanol • Add methoxide to heated oil • Mix rapidly for 1 hour

  14. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on the amount of feedstock you are using: Corn Oil 200 ml heated to 50oC Methanol 50 ml KOH 1 gram Calculating the amount of methanol: 200 ml Corn Oil x 25% methanol = 50 ml Methanol 5 grams KOH 1 liter oil 1 L 1000 mL Calculating the amount of KOH: 200 mL Corn Oil = 1 gram KOH x x

  15. After the reaction is complete. Turn off the heat and mixing, and let settle overnight. The glycerin will settle to the bottom of the tank. Biodiesel Glycerin

  16. Fuel samples prepared at JMU from seven different types of fuel feedstocks

  17. Heating the oil can speed up the reaction by a factor of 10. Be careful not to get too hot; Methanol boils at 65oC (150oF)

  18. Intermediate layer Biodiesel Washwater PROBLEMS WITH BIODIESEL QUICK TEST TO DETERMINE IF YOUR REACTION WAS SUCCESSFUL Incomplete reaction

  19. O H H H H H H H O H H H H H H K O C C C C C C C H H C O C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Soap and biodiesel are very similar compounds. Biodiesel Soap Partial reaction (with soap)

  20. HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL USED COOKING OIL REQUIRES TITRATION TO DETERMINE AMOUNT OF CATALYST High temperature cooking generates free-fatty acids (FFA’s) These will neutralize the catalyst and disrupt the reaction

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