Lecture 23: Query Execution

1. Lecture 23:Query Execution Wednesday, November 23, 2005

2. Outline • Query execution: 15.1 – 15.5

3. Architecture of a Database Engine SQL query Parse Query Logicalplan Select Logical Plan Queryoptimization Select Physical Plan Physicalplan Query Execution

4. Logical Algebra Operators • Union, intersection, difference • Selection s • Projection P • Join |x| • Duplicate elimination d • Grouping g • Sorting t

5. Logical Query Plan T3(city, c) SELECT city, count(*) FROM sales GROUP BY city HAVING sum(price) > 100 P city, c T2(city,p,c) s p > 100 T1(city,p,c) g city, sum(price)→p, count(*) → c sales(product, city, price) T1, T2, T3 = temporary tables

6. Logical Query Plan SELECT S.buyer FROM Purchase P, Person Q WHERE P.buyer=Q.name AND Q.city=‘seattle’ AND Q.phone > ‘5430000’ buyer  City=‘seattle’ phone>’5430000’ Buyer=name Person Purchase

7. buyer  City=‘seattle’ phone>’5430000’ Buyer=name (Simple Nested Loops) Person Purchase (Table scan) (Index scan) Physical Query Plan SELECT S.buyer FROM Purchase P, Person Q WHERE P.buyer=Q.name AND Q.city=‘seattle’ AND Q.phone > ‘5430000’ • Query Plan: • logical tree • implementation choice at every node • scheduling of operations. Some operators are from relational algebra, and others (e.g., scan) are not.

8. Question in Class Logical operator: Product(pname, cname) || Company(cname, city) Propose three physical operators for the join, assuming the tables are in main memory:

9. Question in Class Product(pname, cname) |x| Company(cname, city) • 1000000 products • 1000 companies How much time do the following physical operators take if the data is in main memory ? • Nested loop join time = • Sort and merge = merge-join time = • Hash join time =

10. Cost Parameters In database systems the data is on disks, not in main memory The cost of an operation = total number of I/Os Cost parameters: • B(R) = number of blocks for relation R • T(R) = number of tuples in relation R • V(R, a) = number of distinct values of attribute a

11. Cost Parameters • Clustered table R: • Blocks consists only of records from this table • B(R)  T(R) / blockSize • Unclustered table R: • Its records are placed on blocks with other tables • When R is unclustered: B(R)  T(R) • When a is a key, V(R,a) = T(R) • When a is not a key, V(R,a)

12. Cost Cost of an operation =number of disk I/Os needed to: • read the operands • compute the result Cost of writing the result to disk is not included on the following slides

13. Scanning a Table • Clustered relation: • Table scan: • Result may be unsorted: B(R) • Result needs to be sorted: 3B(R) • Index scan • Unsorted: B(R) • Sorted: B(R) or 3B(R) • Unclustered relation • Unsorted: T(R) • Sorted: T(R) + 2B(R)

14. One-Pass Algorithms Selection s(R), projection P(R) • Both are tuple-at-a-time algorithms • Cost: B(R) Unary operator Input buffer Output buffer

15. One-pass Algorithms Hash join: R |x| S • Scan S, build buckets in main memory • Then scan R and join • Cost: B(R) + B(S) • Assumption: B(S) <= M

16. One-pass Algorithms Duplicate elimination d(R) • Need to keep tuples in memory • When new tuple arrives, need to compare it with previously seen tuples • Balanced search tree, or hash table • Cost: B(R) • Assumption: B(d(R)) <= M

17. Question in Class Grouping: Product(name, department, quantity) gdepartment, sum(quantity) (Product)  Answer(department, sum) Question: how do you compute it in main memory ? Answer:

18. One-pass Algorithms Grouping: g department, sum(quantity) (R) • Need to store all departments in memory • Also store the sum(quantity) for each department • Balanced search tree or hash table • Cost: B(R) • Assumption: number of departments fits in memory

19. One-pass Algorithms Binary operations: R ∩ S, R ∪ S, R – S • Assumption: min(B(R), B(S)) <= M • Scan one table first, then the next, eliminate duplicates • Cost: B(R)+B(S)

20. Question in Class What do wedo in each ofthese cases: R ∩ S, R ∪ S, R – S H  emptyHashTable/* scan R */ For each x in R do insert(H, x )/* scan S */ For each y in S do _____________________/* collect result */for each z in H do output(z)

21. Nested Loop Joins • Tuple-based nested loop R ⋈ S • Cost: T(R) B(S) when S is clustered • Cost: T(R) T(S) when S is unclustered for each tuple r in R do for each tuple s in S do if r and s join then output (r,s)

22. Nested Loop Joins • We can be much more clever • Question: how would you compute the join in the following cases ? What is the cost ? • B(R) = 1000, B(S) = 2, M = 4 • B(R) = 1000, B(S) = 3, M = 4 • B(R) = 1000, B(S) = 6, M = 4

23. Nested Loop Joins • Block-based Nested Loop Join for each (M-2) blocks bs of S do for each block br of R do for each tuple s in bs for each tuple r in br do if “r and s join” then output(r,s)

24. . . . Nested Loop Joins Join Result R & S Hash table for block of S (M-2 pages) . . . . . . Output buffer Input buffer for R

25. Nested Loop Joins • Block-based Nested Loop Join • Cost: • Read S once: cost B(S) • Outer loop runs B(S)/(M-2) times, and each time need to read R: costs B(S)B(R)/(M-2) • Total cost: B(S) + B(S)B(R)/(M-2) • Notice: it is better to iterate over the smaller relation first • R |x| S: R=outer relation, S=inner relation