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The Basic Organization of Living Forms

The Basic Organization of Living Forms. ESC 556 Environmental Biology Week 2. Fundamentals of Life. Characteristics of Life Living matter vs. Inanimate matter Cellular organisation Nutrition Growth Respiration Responsiveness Movement Excretion Reproduction Catabolism vs. Anabolism.

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The Basic Organization of Living Forms

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  1. The Basic Organization of Living Forms ESC 556 Environmental Biology Week 2

  2. Fundamentals of Life • Characteristics of Life • Living matter vs. Inanimate matter • Cellular organisation • Nutrition • Growth • Respiration • Responsiveness • Movement • Excretion • Reproduction • Catabolism vs. Anabolism

  3. The Flame of Life • Analogies • Respire • Nutrition • Reproduce • Excrete • Grows • Moves • Responsiveness • Organized • Differences • DNA/RNA • Anabolic Metabolism

  4. The Cell • Smallest Unit of Life • prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells • Membrane bound nucleus • Organelles • Size differences • Surface Area / Volume Ratio

  5. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Differences: • Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • Genetic material transfer

  6. Cell Membrane • Separate the cell from its environment • Lipid bilayer w/ proteins • Attachment • Movement of water & other bulk items • Transport of molecules & ions • Reception of chemical messages • Passive transport • Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitative diffusion • Active transport (pumps) • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

  7. Endocytosis

  8. Plant Cell Walls • Cellulose • Hemicelluloses • Pectin • Lignin • Organic material • Highest in high latititudes

  9. Plant Cell Wall

  10. Energy Transformations • Growth, maintenance and replication • 1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamic • Photosynthesis • Enzymes • ATP (Adenine triphosphate)

  11. Photosynthesis & Respiration • 3 Bya: Capture photons and synthesize organic molecules • 2 – 1.5 Bya: Release Oxygen • Respiration • Formula: 6CO2 +12H2O + Light  6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O • Chlorophyll • Chloroplast • Inefficient

  12. Photosynthesis

  13. Enzymes

  14. Materials of Life • 97 % N, O, C, H • 90 & H and O  Water • Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  15. Water • ¾ of the earth’s surface • 2/3 of all organisms • Three forms • Polar molecule • Universal solvent • Adhesion – transport systems • Stable against temperature changes – high heat of vaporization • Most dense @ 4oC

  16. Carbohydrates • Small molecules to long polymers • Energy storage • Sugars (CH2O)n • Short term • Monosaccharides • Isomers • Long Term • Disaccharides & Polysaccharides • Polysaccharide Glucose

  17. Carbohydrates • Structural Elements • Polysaccharide cellulose • Polysaccharide chitin • Cellulases

  18. Lipids • Non-polar • Many different kinds • Fats • Storage of energy • Phospholipids • Cell membrane • Polar + non-polar groups : Lipid bilayer • Terpenes • Steroids

  19. Proteins • Various functions • Fibres, enzymes, hormones, transport, ion-binding, toxins • Chain of amino acid subunits (polypeptide) • 20 amino acids

  20. Nucleic Acids • Information storage • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • DNA • Replicate itself • Pass on hereditary material • Nucleotides • DNA structure • Sugar-phosphate backbone • Four bases

  21. Nucleic Acids • DNA structure

  22. Nucleic Acids/DNA

  23. Nucleic Acids • RNA • Read the DNA & produce proteins • Structure • Ribose • Uracil instead of thymine

  24. From DNA - Proteins

  25. Genetic Code

  26. The Diversity of Life • At least 10 million species • 1.5 million described

  27. Levels of Organization • Individual • Unitary vs. Modular • Population • Defined area • Community • Physical feature of the habitat or dominant species • Ecosystem • Interaction between communities & their environment • Material recycling

  28. Species concept • Species • Morphological species concept • identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria • Biological species concept • groups of potentially or actually interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups • Isolating mechanisms • Habitat, seasonal, behavioral, mechanical, gamete, hybrid failure • Problems with fossil & asexual species • Hybrid problem • Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species concept • All those individuals that share a common evolutionary history

  29. Phylogenetic relationships

  30. Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species

  31. Classification & the Binomial System • Linnaeus • Felis catus • Ranks

  32. Ranks / Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus

  33. Three Domains • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya prokaryotes eukaryotes

  34. Bacteria vs. Archaea • Peptidoglycan layer

  35. Six Kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaeabacteria • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista prokaryotes eukaryotes

  36. Six Kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaeabacteria • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

  37. Protists • Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently

  38. Animalia • Blastula • Multicellular heterotrophs • Tripoblasty • Ectoderm • Endoterm • Mesoderm • Movement • Tube-within-tube • Complex nervous systems

  39. Plantae • Photosynthesis • Cell wall • Sessile • 350,000 species • Land plants

  40. Land Plants Vascular Gymnosperms Nonvascular Angiosperms

  41. Fungi • Heterotrophs • Absorb their food • Cell walls • Spores • Decomposition

  42. Evolution of Kingdoms

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