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Understanding Networking: Components, Types, and Protocols in Modern Communication

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This module explores the fundamental aspects of networking, focusing on both hardware and protocols. Learn about local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), peer-to-peer and client/server architectures, and the OSI model. Delve into the TCP/IP model, including crucial protocols such as UDP, TCP, and IP, which are essential for reliable data transmission. The course also covers addressing methods, including physical and IP addresses, and discusses various LAN technologies such as Ethernet and wireless networking. Gain insights into the importance of networking for information exchange.

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Understanding Networking: Components, Types, and Protocols in Modern Communication

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  1. Networking Purposes • Exchanging information • Sending files between computers • Communication • Sending email • Sharing information • Sharing files • Sharing resources • Sharing printers Module 7 Networking Environment

  2. Networking • Networking is a system that includes the physical connection between computers for information transfer, as well as the scheme for controlling the transfer. • Components of a networking system • A networking scheme • Networking hardware • A networking standard or protocol Module 7 Networking Environment

  3. Network Types • Wide area network (WAN) – it’s spread over a wide geographic area • Local area network (LAN) – It’s confined to a single location connecting multiple independent devices such computers, servers, printers, etc.. • Peer-to-Peer LAN all computers in this network are providing and using resources. • Client/Server LAN Servers manage the network, and clients use the resources from servers (also other clients) Module 7 Networking Environment

  4. The OSI Model • Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) • Developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) • Contains seven layers • Application • Presentation • Session • Transport • Network • Data Link • Physical Module 7 Networking Environment

  5. Program issues command to Application Layer Application passes it to Presentation, which may reformat (encode,encrypt, …), passes to Session Session establishing a connection, passes to Transport Transport breaks file into packets, passes to Network Network packs frames & selects the data’s route, passes to Data Link Data Link adds error-checking info, addresses, and passes to Physical Physical transmits data, which includes information added by each layer OSI in Actions Module 7 Networking Environment

  6. In the Intermediate Nodes Rx Tx 7 7 7 Intermediate Nodes 3 1 1 1 B C Q T Module 7 Networking Environment

  7. OSI Model and TCP/IP Model OSI TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  8. The TCP/IP Model Suite and Stack Concept Protocols for different underlying technologies – this is key Module 7 Networking Environment

  9. TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols • UDP – User Datagram Protocol • transmission protocol that adds port addresses, checksum error control and length info • TCP – Transmission Control Protocol • makes the datagram transmission much more reliable. What do we mean by reliable ?. Creates a stream between the Tx and Rx. Creates segments with in datagram. Uses sequence numbers for ordering. Uses acknowledgements Module 7 Networking Environment

  10. TCP/IP Internet Layer protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) - transmission mechanism used by the various TCP/IP protocols (recall suite and stack concept) • Unreliable and connectionless – sends datagram with no error checking and tracking • Because of the lack of overhead, IP is considered very efficient • This Layer also contains the ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP protocols • ARP – Address Resolution Protocol • maps the IP address to the physical address • RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol • maps physical address to IP address • connecting a computer to a LAN for the first time • ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol • used by the host/gateway/router to send notifications back to the Tx • IGMP – Internet Group Message Protocol • allows a message to be sent to numerous Rx at the same time Module 7 Networking Environment

  11. Address in TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  12. Relation- ship of Layers and addresses in TCP/IP Module 7 Networking Environment

  13. Physical Address Example Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits, with every 2 bytes separated by a hyphen as shown below: 07-01-02-01-2C-4B A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address Module 7 Networking Environment

  14. IP Address Example An Internet address (in IPv4) is 32 bits in length, normally written as four decimal numbers (or 4 octal numbers), with each number representing 1 byte. How many bits is a byte ? The numbers are separated by a dot. Below is an example of such an address. Call “dot notation” 132.24.75.9 Module 7 Networking Environment

  15. Port Address Example A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown below. 753 A 16-bit port address Module 7 Networking Environment

  16. IP Address classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Module 7 Networking Environment

  17. IP address and subnet mask Class A 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Subnet mask Class B 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Subnet mask Class C 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Subnet mask Module 7 Networking Environment

  18. LAN Technologies • Ethernet (p214) • Token Ring p217 • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) • Wireless Networking Technologies p221 Module 7 Networking Environment

  19. Ethernet • Ethernet is the most popular LAN protocol • IEEE 802.3 standard describes the Ethernet protocol • Data rate: 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000Mbps • Using a media-access method - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Module 7 Networking Environment

  20. Networking Hardware • Network Interface Card (NIC) • PCI/ISA, PnP/No-PnP, WOL(Wake on LAN) • Cable • Coax, UTP(unshielded twisted-pair), STP, Fiber-optic • Interconnection Devices • Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers Module 7 Networking Environment

  21. Networking Devices • Hub- is a repeater device that used to connect other devices on the network. • Bridge-is used to either segment a network or join two networks. It can reduce the traffic in a network. • Switch-is an intelligent device that looks at physical destination address of the frame and directs the frame to the correct port of that destination. • Router-is a intelligent device with a processor and memory. It connects different networks or subnets. Module 7 Networking Environment

  22. Network Topologies • Star Topology - 10/100BaseT • Bus Topology – 10Base2 • Star/bus Topology – 10/100BaseT with backbone • Star-configured ring Topology – Token Ring • Dual-ring Topology - FDDI Module 7 Networking Environment

  23. Networking Protocols • TCP/IP - for communicating with the Internet & most newer systems. • AppleTalk – for communicating with earlier Apple Mac systems • IPX/SPX – for communicating with Novell NetWare Module 7 Networking Environment

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