Cognitive processes

1. Engineering Psychology Cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem solving Jakub Jura Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/

2. What is Cognitive? • From latin cognoscere = getting to know • Distinguish emotional and rational • Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.

3. Cognitive processes • Base Cognitive processes: • Perception • Sensation • Attention • Thinking • Imagination • Memory • Advanced Cognitive processes • Creativity • Problem solving

4. Sensation • Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level. • Perception is about creating whole percept.

5. Sensation

6. Sensation Delusions Lateral Inhibition Efect • Mach’s Strips

7. Negative afterimage

8. Perception • Perception is perception of diference. • Sensuals limits • Weber–Fechner law • Gestalt law • Multistable figures • Invariance in perception

9. Weber–Fechner Law • Psychophysics • Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) • Gustav Theodor Fechner(1801–1887) • Stimulus Percept • Stimulus Sensation  Percept

10. Experiment 1 • Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus • Sound • Light • Procedure: • Set intensity to basic level (L) • Increase intensity up to one degree (L+1) • Remember this degree and set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n Impresion Sensum

11. Weber–Fechner Law • dP = k * dS/S, • P = k * ln (S/S0) • P = k * (S/S) • P … percept • k … constant • S … stimulus • S0 … lower possible stimulus

12. Perception Delusionss Which of these circles is bigger?

13. Perception Delusionss • Effect of Contrast Lighter Darker

14. Perception Delusionss

16. Is anything here?

17. Gestalt Laws • Proximity • We tend to group nearby objects. • Similarity • We tend to group objects with similar properties • Closure • We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.

18. Gestalt Laws • Good Continuation • We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by smooth lines or curves • Pregnantz • We tend to good shape

19. Experiment 2

20. Multistable perception • Mind separate figure and backgroun. • Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. • Since you see both, you can’t see both. • Changing may be under control only partially.

21. Invariance in perception • Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.

22. Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology Actual world Object available information Samples Modify Schema of environment Exploration Locomotion and action Cognitive map Directs

23. Memory • Sensory memory • George Sperling • (200 – 500 ms) • Short-term memory • George Miller • 7±2 chunks • Chunking process (recoding) • Long-term memory • Hippocampus • Memory processes: • Imprint • Retent • Remember • Recognise

24. Ebbinghaus experiments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next • Co • Se • Zu • Ny • Pa • Dy • Ro • Ke • Ty • Wa • Next

25. Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve • R = e-t/s • R … memory retention • s … relative strenght of memory • t … time 45 % 35 %

26. Serial-positioning effect • Which of the syllable you remember easily? • Initialy • Final • Out of serial-positioning effect: • Meaningfull • Related to myself • Connected to my activity

27. Memory test • How big is capacity of you visual memory? Redraw this figure maximaly precisely

28. Imaging Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement. • Imagine yellow elephant with red dots. • Imagine what did you eat last evening.

29. F Experiment 3 - Mental rotation • How many times you need to read rotated sign. R B A L M Q T

30. Completing square test 11 18

31. Attention • Orientation reflex • Orientation activities • Bourdon test • d2 test

32. Thinking • J. P. Guilford: • Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic. • Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.

33. Problem Solving • http://www.studygs.net/problem/index.htm

34. Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.

35. Creativity • Preparation • Incubation • Insight • Evaluation • Elaboration

36. E. Rossi – creative phase

37. Metacognition • Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition) • First-level metacognition • Second-level metacognition