1. Complex Cognitive Processes Magdalena Mulvihill

2. The problem Solving model

3. Represent the problem Select a strategy Identify the problem Implement the strategy Evaluate the results

4. Well defined • problem

5. A problem that has only one correct solution to a certain method of finding it.

6. But… Even though some teachers claim that they explain the problem well some students think different

9. Ill defined

10. A problem that has more than one acceptable solution, an ambiguous goal, and no generally agreed upon strategy for reaching a solution

11. $2.00 per cookie or per pound ? =6 2+2+2=6

12. Algorithm A specific set of steps for solving a problem

13. heuristics GENERALY, WIDELY APPLICABLE PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

14. THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY BETWEEN EXPERTS AND NOVICES

15. BECAUSE EXPERTS ARE INDIVIDUALS… …WHO ARE HIGHLY SKILLED OR KNOWLEDGEABLE IN A GIVEN DOMAIN

16. THERE EXIST FOUR IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOVICES AND EXPERTS

17. When REPRESENTING PROBLEMS 1 EXPERTS SEARCH FOR CONTEXT AND RELATIONSHIP IN PROBLEMS NOVICES SEE PROBLEMS IN ISOLATED PIECES

18. PROBLEM-SOLVING EFFICIENCY 2 EXPERTS SOLVE PROBLEMS RAPIDLY AND POSSES MUCH KNOWLEDGE THAT IS AUTHOMATIC NOVICES SOLVE PROBLEMS SLOWLY AND FOCUS ON MECANICS

19. When PLANNING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING 3 EXPERTS PLAN CAREFULLY BEFORE ATTEMPTING SOLUTIONS TO UNFAMILIAR PROBLEMS NOVICES PLAN BRIEFLY WHEN ATTEMPTING SOLUTIONS TO UNFAMILIAR PROBLEMS; QUICKLY ADOPT AND TRY SOLUTIONS

20. When MONITORING PROBLEM SOLVING 4 EXPERTS DEMONSTRATE WELL-DEVELOPED METACOGNITIVE ABILITIES; ABANDON INEFICIENT STRATEGIES NOVICES DEMONSTRATE LIMITED METACOGNITION; PERSEVERE WITH UNPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

21. STEPS IN HELPING LEARNERS BECOME BETTER PROBLEM SOLVERS

22. 1. PRESENTATION OF PROBLEMS

23. PRESESNTATION OF PROBLEM IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ENCOURAGES LEARNERS TO CONCEPTUALIZE IT IN FAMILIAR TERM

24. WHEN PRESENTING REMEMBER TO 1. START IN MININGFULL TERMS 2. RELATE IT TO A FAMILIAR PROBLEM 3. PROVIDE EXAMPLES IN A REAL-WORLD CONTEXT PROMOTING MININGFULL LEARNING 4. REPRESENT IT VISUALY

25. 2. SOCIAL INTERACTION

26. When presenting real world problems promote high levels of interaction to actively engage students in analyzing problem situations

27. 3. SCAFOLDING METHODS • - Modeling • - Thinking aloud • - Questioning • Adapting • instructional • materials

28. EFECTIVE STRATEGIES • NOTE TAKING • MAPPING • USING TEXT SIGNALS • SUMMARIZING • ELABORATIVE • QUESTIONING

29. TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE

30. GENERAL TRANSFER THE ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE OR SKILLS LEARNED IN ONE CONTEXT IN A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT CONTEXTS SPECIFIC TRANSFER THE ABILITY TO APPLY INFORMATION IN A CONTEXT SIMILAR TO THE ONE IN WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY LEARNED

31. FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING SITUATIONS

32. 1. SIMILARITY BETWEEN LEARNING SITUATIONS 2. DEPTH OF LEARNERS’ ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING 3. QUALITY AND VARIETY OF EXAMPLES AND OTHER LEARNING EXPERIENCES 4. LEARNING CONTEXT 5. EMPHASIS ON METACOGNITION

33. ∏ ∏ THE END