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New Technologies in Reproduction

New Technologies in Reproduction. Donald G. Levis, PhD Ohio Pork Industry Center The Ohio State University 122C Animal Sciences Building Columbus, OH 43210-1095 Telephone: 614 292 1351 Cell: 614 404 7248 E-mail: levis.7@osu.edu Web site: http://porkinfo.osu.edu.

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New Technologies in Reproduction

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  1. New Technologies in Reproduction Donald G. Levis, PhD Ohio Pork Industry Center The Ohio State University 122C Animal Sciences Building Columbus, OH 43210-1095 Telephone: 614 292 1351 Cell: 614 404 7248 E-mail: levis.7@osu.edu Web site: http://porkinfo.osu.edu Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  2. Pork producers definitely need to keep an open mind about research and new technology! "Everything that can be invented has been invented." Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, U.S. Office of Patents, 1899. "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." Ken Olson, President, Chairman, and Founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977. There are no “silver” bullets to replace excellent management! Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  3. Most important factor to increase reproductive efficiency is PEOPLE Workers are not robots! High quality workers are: • Thinkers • Self-motivated • Team players • Problem solvers • Have good observation skills • Have self-confidence • Pay attention to details • Eager to learn Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  4. Evaluating Reproductive Technologies Instead of making decisions about the value of reproductive technologies on farrowing rate or litter size, base your decision on fecundity index (farrowing rate x litter size) or actual number of pigs produced and economics. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  5. Try to prevent making erroneous conclusions from: • Testimonials • How many people broadcast their failures? • Trials with a small number of animals per treatment • Improperly conducted field trials • Do you know what an improperly conducted field trial looks like? • Factors known to influence the results are not controlled (confounded). • Real effects of the treatments are not known. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  6. Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters • Estimate the number of sows to inseminate per treatment (seek assistance) • Parity is about the same for both treatments • Genetics is the same for both treatments • Inseminate as close as possible an equal number of sows per day per treatment • Use the same type of semen for both treatments (genetics, age, extender, etc.) Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  7. Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued) • Make sure an equal number of doses of semen for each type of catheter are stored in the same cooler • Make sure the same number of services per sow per type of catheter is used • Make sure the same sow is always inseminated with the same type of catheter • Make sure the same technician inseminates the same number of sows with each catheter Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  8. Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued) • Make sure the weaning-to-estrus interval is the same for each type of catheter • Make sure the number of recently weaned sows, late cycling sows, & repeat breeders are the same for each type of catheter • Make sure the breeding technician writes the catheter code on the breeding card • If possible, collect pertinent data on a weekly basis for individual sows Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  9. Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued) • Prepare a set of instructions to be strictly followed by breeding technicians • Educate the people about the purpose and value of experiment • Have someone help statistically analyze the data. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  10. A lot of field trials have too few of animals per treatment to detect a true difference • Want to detect .2 piglets per litter difference between two treatments • Standard Deviation is 2.97 • Want a 95% probability of detecting a correct answer • Number of animal per treatment is 753 sows Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  11. http://porkinfo.osu.edu/Excel%20Spreadsheets/Intrauterine-AIform.xlshttp://porkinfo.osu.edu/Excel%20Spreadsheets/Intrauterine-AIform.xls Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  12. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  13. Problem – Results of research trials can change over time Jan – Jun 1998 Jun – Dec 1998 Jan – Jun 1999 y x x x x x x x y xy within time period (P < .05) About 1,000 matings for each extender during each time period W. L. Flowers, 2001 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  14. Are there “new” technologies in swine reproduction that can now be used economically by commercial pork producers? • Estrous synchronization of cyclic gilts - Yes • Estrous detection procedures - Maybe • Artificial insemination procedures – Maybe • Reducing sperm numbers- Maybe • Sexing of boar semen – No • Embryo transfer - No • Cloning - No Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  15. Intra-Uterine Insemination • Intra-uterine “body” insemination (IUBI) • Deep intra-uterine “horn” insemination (DIUHI) Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  16. Suggested beneficial aspects of intra-uterine body AI: • Less back-flow • Fewer sperm cells per dose • Smaller volume required • Less time needed to inseminate • Less boars will be needed to produce sperm cells • Genetic cost will be lower? Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  17. Uterus is hostile to sperm Intra-uterine body placement of sperm cells Phagocytosis Massive influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes at 30 minutes to 3 hours after spermatozoa enter uterine horn Traditional placement of sperm cells Site of fertilization Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  18. Uterine body DeepGoldenpig 8 inches Goldenpig Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  19. Fecundity index of sows inseminated with a cervical or IUB catheter 355 pigs 2 pigs 3 pigs FR, 86.9 LS, 10.9 FR, 65.8 LS, 9.0 FR, 92.5 LS, 10.8 FR, 91.8 LS, 10.9 FR, 90.5 LS, 11.0 FR, 91.1 LS, 10.9 N=112 N=19 N=76 Watson and Behan, IMV Swine News Bulletin, August 2001 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  20. Influence of semen cost on net profit Farrowing rate: 1 B = 86.9%; 2 B = 91.8%; 3 B = 91.1% Litter size is 10.9 for all cases. Weekly farrowing, 100 farrowing crates per week, 10% preweaning death loss, 4 min per insemination, $10 per hr of labor, 15% of group is gilts, 2 inseminations per estrus, over-breed Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  21. Farm 1 (Spain) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $157,629 • IUC = $149,136 • Diff = $ 8,493 N = 130 N = 110 Gil et al., 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  22. Farm 2 (Spain) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $216,778 • IUC = $197,197 • Diff = $ 19,581 N = 50 N = 51 Gil et al., 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  23. Farm 3 (Argentina) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $190,200 • IUC = $170,548 • Diff = $ 19,652 N = 50 N = 51 Levis et al., American Association of Swine Veterinarians, 2001 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  24. Farm 4 (Spain) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $160,529 • IUC = $159,474 • Diff = $ 1,055 N = 32 N = 50 Lapuente et al., American Association of Swine Veterinarians, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  25. Farm 5 (Spain) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $192,721 • IUC = $182,871 • Diff = $ 9,850 N = 112 N = 117 Gil et al., 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  26. Farm 6 (Spain) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $194,139 • IUC = $207,177 • Diff = $ 13,038 N = 19 N = 19 Gil et al., 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  27. Farm 7 (Mexico) • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • IUB catheter: 79¢ each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $199,249 • IUC = $204,308 • Diff = $ 5,059 N = 76 N = 76 Gil et al., 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Page 229, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  28. http://www.absoluteinsemination.com/Pingtung%20University.htmhttp://www.absoluteinsemination.com/Pingtung%20University.htm (Taiwan) Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  29. N = 14 N = 4 15 7 9 8 5 18 14 6 7 8 Litter size born alive by type of catheter Cervical catheter = 10.7 pigs per litter; Parity = 3.97 ± 1.65 Absolute catheter = 11.9 pigs per litter; Parity = 4.35 ± 1.54 Swine Vet Center, Dec. 30, 2003. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  30. Farrowing rate by type of catheter What is the exact number of sows bred? 67 farrowed with cervical catheter 48 farrowed with absolute catheter What is the actual farrowing rate? Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  31. Minnesota • Farrowings/week: 54 • Semen/dose: $6.00 • No. matings: 2 • Cervical catheter: 17¢ each • Abs catheter: $1.25 each • PW death: 10% • Profit after catheter, labor & semen cost • CC = $175,597 • IUC = $203,907 • Diff. = $ 28,310 Remember, small number of sows per treatment! Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  32. Is the improved effect the result of forcing the sperm cells farther up the uterine horn by pressure? Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  33. Deep Intra-uterine Horn Insemination • Flexible catheter • Used on non-sedated estrous sows • Practical for commercial use • Use fewer sperm cells per dose Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  34. Deep Intra-uterine “Horn” Artificial Insemination 150 million sperm in 5 mL + 5 mL extender Contralateral Uterine horn Ipsilateral Uterine horn It is unknown how sperm cells from one uterine horn are able to fertilize eggs in both horns! Photo: Belstra, North Carolina State University Annual Swine Report, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  35. Deep Intra-uterine “Horn” Artificial Insemination FirFlex® Catheter (Patented by University of Murcia) Marketed in Europe by MAGAPOR (Spain, Portugal, Hungary) Will there be welfare issues? Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  36. Effect of number of sperm cells per dose on fecundity index when inseminating non-sedated sows with a flexible catheter Martinez et al., Reproduction 123:163-170, 2002. Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  37. “Asymptotic” relationship between number of sperm cells inseminated and number of pigs born alive 40 to 50 ejaculates/boar Semen used within 48 hrs of collection J. Anim. Sci. 80 (E. Suppl. 1):E47-E53, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  38. “Linear” relationship between number of sperm cells inseminated and number of pigs born alive 40 to 50 ejaculates/boar Semen used within 48 hrs of collection J. Anim. Sci. 80 (E. Suppl. 1):E47-E53, 2002 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  39. Effect of number of sperm cells per dose and boar on farrowing rate 40 to 50 ejaculates/boar Manipulating Pig Production VIII, pp 157-165. 2001 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  40. Effect of age of semen and number of sperm per insemination dose on litter size (BTS extender) Anim. Sci. 62:599-504, 1996. ab Different within column, P < .05 XY Different within row, P < .05 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  41. Motility of sperm cells with or without caffeine (BTS extender) I would expect a decrease in litter size! Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  42. Hands-free insemination devices • AI Buddy • Weighted Breed-n Buddy • Weighted breeding saddle (KUBUS) • Weighed breeding saddle (Minitube) • EZ Mate® A.I. Belt • Duct tape method Weight: Gilts = 13 to 18 lbs; Sows = 31 lbs These devices should only be used when carefully supervised!! Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  43. Use of EZ-Mate Belt & Weight during artificial insemination Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  44. What to do when heat-check boars do not smell! • Spray them with a can of boar odor • Wipe them with a boar stink stick Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  45. Boar “Stink” Stick (1” PVC pipe & Rags) Recharge once or twice daily with saliva, preputial fluids, a small amount of urine Stimulates standing Releases oxytocin Enhances sperm transport Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa Levis, University of Nebraska

  46. Monitor the temperature in a semen cooler! Purchase these with an external sensor for wet environment Place external sensor in a bottle of water Photograph: IMV International Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  47. Be careful about fine tuning the number and timing of inseminations Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  48. Relationshipbetween weaning to onset of estrus, average duration of estrus and average time of ovulation 61 53 49 38 41 37 34 27 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  49. Variation in “time” of ovulation according to duration of estrus (Estrous detection at 8-hour intervals) Ovulation = 11.1 + .48 x duration of estrus R2 = .6; P = .0001; n = 144 46 hrs 22 hrs 2.3 days (Multiparous sows) Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

  50. Recommended number and interval between artificial inseminations for multiparous sows 1st found in estrus 1st AI 2nd Week days 3rd 7–9:30 AM Day 2 7-9:30 AM Day 1 1-2:30 PM Day 1 PM Day 2 7-9:30 AM Day 3 1st found in estrus 1st AI 2nd 3rd Weekend 7–9:30 AM Day 2 7-9:30 AM Day 1 7-9:30 AM Day 1 PM Day 2 7-9:30 AM Day 3 Estrous detection is once per day: 7:00 to 9:30 am Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa

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