New technologies

1. New technologies Their impact on Translation Studies = • Corpus-based TS • Audiovisual translation • Localization and globalization

2. Corpus corpus, plural corpora A collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language - for example, to determine how the usage of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies. Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts.(cf. Crystal, David. 1992. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages. Oxford, 85) CORPUS (13c: from Latin corpus body. The plural is usually corpora) (1) A collection of texts, especially if complete and self-contained: the corpus of Anglo-Saxon verse. (2) Plural also corpuses. In linguistics and lexicography, a body of texts, utterances or other specimens considered more or less representative of a language, and usually stored as an electronic database. Currently, computer corpora may store many millions of running words, whose features can be analysed by means of tagging (the addition of identifying and classifying tags to words and other formations) and the use of concordancing programs. Corpus linguistics studies data in any such corpus.(cf. McArthur, Tom "Corpus" , in: McArthur, Tom (ed.) 1992. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford, 265-266)

3. Corpus-based approach to TS • An electronic corpus of naturally occurring texts can be processed and analyzed to investigate the typical uses of the language. It is a source of linguistic evidence vastly superior to the analysts' intuition > for ex.: collocations; colligations

4. Baker on typicality • Identify typicalities of the language of a corpus of translated texts • Compare them to the non-translated language = potentially revealing!

5. We may find out... • Explicitation • Grammatical standardization • Increased frequency of common words • Correctness • Cliches • Simplification • TT normally longer than ST

6. The use of corpora in translator training • Monolingual corpora : large collections of texts which may be analyzed for naturalness • Comparable bilingual corpora: specialized collections of similar Sts in the 2 languages that can be mined for terminology • Parallel corpora of ST-TT pairs: when aligned they reveal the strategies used by the translator

7. Kinds of analysis: • Quantitative: word frequency, distribution, lexical density, sentence length, keywords, etc. • Qualitative: close analysis of individual instances this approach links with other methodologies, for ex.: descriptive studies, the study of the translation product and the identification of typical features that may otherwise pass unnoticed

8. Patterns in the text may reveal the ideology of the translator or... • Information on the environment... • “he or she” or “she or he” > intuitions may be confirmed or hypotheses generated: for ex: observar: appears more in the Spanish TTs than STs

9. Audio-visual translation • “new” area of research foundational article: “Translation and mass-communication: film and TV translation as evidence of cultural dynamics”, Dirk Delabatista “film establishes a multi-channel and multi-code type of communication”

10. These codes include: • The verbal • The literary and theatrical • The proxemic and kinetic • The cinematic > particular constraints

11. More studies... • Luyken: “audiovisual language transfer” • Gottlieb: interlingual subtitling as a form of “diagonal translation” • Gambier: • Audiovisual translation • Screen translation • Multimedia translation he proposes the term “transadaptation”, but audiovisual translation (AVT) is still the most used

12. Different types of activities(Gambier) • Interlingual subtitling: open or close • Bilingual subtitling: in bilingual countries • Intralingual subtitling: for the hard of hearing • Dubbing: lip-sync • Voice-over: documentary or interview • Surtitling: subtitles projected above the stage (opera, theater) • Audio description: intralingual audio commentary (for visually impaired)

13. Main difference bt interlingual subtitling and written translation • Space and time constraints (a max. of 2 lines of text, each a max. of around 37 Roman characters, 6 seconds for each caption) • Image inviolable (for ex: camera cuts and rhythms of dialogues)

14. “subtitling guidelines”: very prescriptive • Grammar and lexical items: simplified • Interactional and intonation features maintained only to some extent • Focus on relevant information • Context renewing clauses retained • Context confirming clauses dropped

15. Integration of audiovisual translation and broader theoretical models • Karamitroglou draws on polysystem theory • Taylor adopts elements of Hallidayan linguistics • Chaume proposes a combination of TS and film studies

16. Karamitroglu > polysystem theory • Human agents • Products • Recipients • Mode • Institutions • Market

17. Taylor = multimodal transcription to record and analyze a multimodal film on paper • Breaking down a film sequence into individual frames/shots/phases to produce a description of: • Duration of frame and order of presentation • Presentation of visual frames • Components of the visual image • Kinesic action of the characters • Dialogue and description of the soundtrack • Metafunctional interpretation of how the film creates meaning

18. Chaume = integrated model to analyze the signifying codes of cinematographic language Acoustic channel • The linguistic code • Paralinguistic code… • Musical and special effects code • The sound arrangement code Visual channel • The iconographic code • Photographic codes • The planning code • The mobility code • Graphic codes • Syntactic codes

19. > Subtitling as vulnerable translation... > fansubs: amateur subtitling

20. Localization and globalization • GILT= Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, Translation “Localization involved taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale where it will be used and sold” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQwEDi9P6ZU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExZ8Wte2zkE

21. Internationalization: an interlingua version is used as a basis for producing the versions for the TL locale Interlingua: Tts vocabulary, grammar and other characteristics are largely derived from natural languages. It was developed to combine a simple, mostly regular grammar with a vocabulary common to the widest possible range of languages, making it unusually easy to learn, at least for those whose native languages were sources of Interlingua's vocabulary and grammar. Ex: “Si o non on credeque un lingua pro tote le humanitateespossibile, si o non on credeque interlingua vadevenir un tal lingua estotalmenteindifferenteab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme.”

22. Measure of TT against its ST disappears • Functionality of the target text becomes prominent • Dehumanizing process!

23. Globalization: importance of communication and technology for translators • Cronin talks about “Translation ecology”: • To cherish linguistic ecosystem and minority languages