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SCM DEFINED

SCM DEFINED. The supply chain is the network of organizations that are involved through upstream and down stream linkages, in different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer.

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SCM DEFINED

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  1. SCM DEFINED The supply chain is the network of organizations that are involved through upstream and down stream linkages, in different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer. Supply Chain may be defined as “flow of materials through procurement, manufacturing, distribution, sales & disposal”.

  2. Dynamics of Material Flow Supplier Plant RS Logistics Retailer

  3. SCM FLOWS MATERIAL MONEY INFORMATION Procurement Manufacturing Distribution Customer

  4. Supply Chain Relationship

  5. What is SCM ? SCM is a business network covering from buying, making, moving, warehousing to selling Making Moving Buying Selling Ware housing

  6. Traditional SCM

  7. Supply Chain Benefits • Cost • Reduced inventories • Reduced waste • Reduced total system costs • Service • Establishment of a collaborative framework • Near real time information flow • Reduced variation and increased quality • Business growth opportunities • Preferred source for new opportunities • Expanded benefits to other customers

  8. The Three Ts

  9. The Supply Chain “Iceberg” Perceived Value Transactional Efficiency Critical Data to improve: Intrinsic Value Multiple handling Excess freight Transit damage Process delays End-to-end cycle-time Delays Yield Inventory turns Warehouse fees Late Deliveries

  10. Supply Chain Decisions STRATEGIC TACTICAL OPERATIONAL Procurement Manufacturing Distribution Logistics

  11. SCM FOCUS / LEARNINGS • SERVICE COST • FLOW OF INFORMATION / MATERIAL AND CASH • INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

  12. ELEMENTS OF SCM • INVENTORY MANAGEMENT • WAREHOUSING • TRANSPORTATION

  13. What is inventory • The stock of material lying with you for which payments are made but which are yet to be delivered to the customers and paid for by them. • Material stocked to meet the expected demand in the market. • An idle resource which locks the capital. Excess Shortage

  14. Why inventories are necessary • To satisfy the customer demands without time lag. • To cover time required for procurement of material. • To cater to fluctuations in demand. • Seasonal demand of products. • Production constraints of suppliers. • To retain supplier goodwill. Excess Shortage

  15. Inventory Exercise • WORK OUT INVENTORY NORMS BASED ON SERVICE FREQUENCY, SALES AND DEMAND VARIABILITY & TRANSIT TIME VARIABILITY • Consider sales qty. – 300 CLD’S per month, Demand variability – 20 %, Supply variability of + / - 2 Days & Service frequency of 1 / week

  16. Costs Opportunity cost curve. Total costs A Inventory + Service costs. Low Service levels High Interpretation: At low service levels, costs due to lost opportunities are very high. I · When service levels are raised, inventory + service costs increase · marginally but costs due to lost opportunities come down drastically. Enlarged view of portion marked at “A” is shown in the next graph for further explanation. · Service Level & Inv. Costs

  17. Zone of Improvement Zone of Indifference Zone of Perfection. ENLARGED VIEW OF PORTION “A” • Explanation: • In ‘zone of improvement ’, as service level goes up by increasing stocks and incurring in extra expenditure for giving better service, the gains obtained due to better sales outweigh the costs incurred. • In ‘zone of indifference’, the gains and costs are more or less balanced. • In ‘zone of perfection’, as service levels are raised to near to 100%, the costs outweigh the gains but in modern competitive environment, this may become a necessity for survival

  18. Scientific Replenishment System

  19. The Use of Safety Stock Inventory on Hand Time Stock out Inventory on Hand Stock out is avoided Safety Stock Time

  20. ABC Analysis • Based on principle of management by exception. • Unit value is not a consideration. Analysis is based on • total consumption value of items in predetermined time span. • Criticality/importance of item is not a consideration • All the items are divided in three categories. • Decisions are based on 80 : 20 rule.

  21. High A Annual value of items B C Low Few Many Number of Items ABC Analysis Exercise • Classifying inventory according to some measure of importance and allocating control efforts accordingly. • A - very important • B- mod. important • C - least important

  22. DECISION PARAMETERS FOR ABC ANALYSIS • ADEQUACY OF STOCKS • FREQUENCY OF STOCK CHECKING • LOCATION IN WAREHOUSE

  23. FSN Analysis • Based on speed of movement of material. • Some materials have regular and high volume demand and move ‘Fast’ (F), • some material have intermittent and unpredictable demand and hence move ‘Slow’ (S) • and a few items have practically no takers and hence keep on lying in stores for long period of time and categorized as ‘Non moving’ (N). SLOW MOVING NON MOVING FAST MOVING

  24. INVENTORY FOCUS / LEARNINGS • What is Inventory and why do we need inventory ? • How do we avoid non moving and slow moving inventory? • How do we classify and analyze inventory?

  25. ELEMENTS OF SCM • INVENTORY MANAGEMENT • WAREHOUSING • TRANSPORTATION

  26. ELEMENTS OF WAREHOUSING • LOCATION • LAYOUT • IDENTIFICATION • MATERIAL HANDLING

  27. Layout principles • Ease of receipts, storage and issues. • Uninterrupted movement of material, men and equipment. • Optimum utilization of space. • Ease of locating the material. • Safety. & Security. • Better supervision. • Flexibility • Building. :Preferably single storied, enough height, proper lighting and ventilation, protection against hazards like fire and lightening.

  28. Identification of Material • Tagging. • Labeling. • Writing, painting, engraving, stamping, etching, color coding on the part/case/box. • Bar coding.

  29. IMPROVED STORAGE SYSTEM EXERCISE

  30. Features of a good warehouse • Place for everything and everything in its place. • FMFO – First Manufactured and First Out principle. • Maintenance of prompt and correct records. • Fast and courteous service to customers. • Minimum damages to the material. • Protection against pilferage. • Regular verification and inspection of material. • Regular inventory taking and reconciliation. • Maintaining inventory within specified norms.

  31. Learning's from the topic • How do we keep our warehouse in more orderly manner ? ( Understanding Location and layout of the warehouse ) • What activities we must do in the warehouse to ensure proper identification & tracing of the material • How can we reduce our labour cost in the warehouse. What mechanization we can do in our warehouse? • How can we ensure better material movement inside the warehouse?

  32. ELEMENTS OF SCM • INVENTORY MANAGEMENT • WAREHOUSING • TRANSPORTATION

  33. Logistics Management 'Logistics is the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials(and related information flows)through theorganisation and its marketing channels

  34. Objectives of Transport Management • Cost Optimization • Improved service • Transportation/logistics as a competitive differentiator. • Time to market

  35. CARRIER SELECTION OUTSOURCING Vs. OWN VEHICLE VEHICLE TYPE ( SIZE ) CUSTOMERS PER VEHICLE & TRIPS PER VEHICLE ( ROUTING )

  36. Sources Destinations • Carrier Selection and Routing • The practical meaning of the 4 C’s of selecting transportation services • Competition • Cost • Comparison • Compromise

  37. Your responsibility is to assist in defining Right Product in the Right Quantity from the Right Source to the Right Destination in the Right Condition at the Right Time for the Right Cost.

  38. Transport Costs

  39. Factors Affecting Carrier Decision • Carrier makes investment to maximize return on assets. • For this he has to consider following costs – • Vehicle-Related Cost : This is fixed cost in short term incurred for purchasing or leasing the carrier. • Fixed Operating Cost :This includes any cost associated with terminals, Road Tax, and labor. • Trip-Related Cost : This includes the price of labor and fuel incurred for each trip independent of the quantity transported and depends on the length and duration of the trip. • Quantity Related cost :This includes loading / Unloading cost and part of fuel cost that varies with the quantity being transported. • Overhead cost : This includes, planning & scheduling cost, IT cost.

  40. Routing & Scheduling In Transportation This refers to the selection of customers to be visited by the particular vehicle and the sequence in which they will be visited. For the companies to be successful, they have to do the routing and scheduling in such a way that they reduce the cost of transportation at the same time make the deliveries fast and meet the promised level of responsiveness to the customers. To achieve this, the objective is to minimize cost by Decreasing the number of vehicles, Reducing total distance traveled, Reducing total travel time & Reducing service failures ( delays )

  41. Routing & Scheduling In Transportation • The objective of the supplier is to • Pick the items needed and to load them on trucks for delivery • Decide which vehicle will deliver to which customers & the route that each truck will take. • Ensure that no vehicle is overloaded at the same time try to load all the vehicles fully. • To do this, the technique that can be used is Savings Matrix Method.

  42. Assign Customers to Vehicles or Routes Select the route with highest savings and combine the 2 routes if the total load is less than the permitted load. Keep combining this way to get the route plan. Sequence Customers within Routes The goal here is to minimize the distance each vehicle must travel. The procedure for this is as follows: Farthest Insert : Given, a vehicle trip for each customer, evaluate the minimum increase in length if this customer is inserted at a suitable point in the trip and insert the customer with the largest minimum increase to obtain the new trip. Nearest Insert : Given, a vehicle trip for each customer, evaluate the minimum increase in length if this customer is inserted at a suitable point in the trip and insert the customer with the smallest minimum increase to obtain the new trip.

  43. Routing & Scheduling Exercise

  44. Learnings & Assignments • Is selection of vehicle critical for the business? How to select a vehicle for transportation? • How to decide sequence for delivery of goods to the retailers? • Is Outsourcing of transport vehicles more beneficial for us or Having own vehicles more beneficial for us?

  45. SCM Key Performance Measures FMFO Deliveries during the month FMFO Adherence % ge = ---------------------------------------------------------- Total deliveries made during the month. Orders Delivered On Time & Full Commitment % ge ( OTIF ) = ----------------------------------------------------- Orders Received in a month Transport cost + Labour Cost + storage cost SCM COST / TN = --------------------------------------------------------------------- Total sales

  46. SCM Process categorized according to the Supply-Chain Council’s, Supply-Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model Plan Source Make Deliver Utility Supply Chain Model Foundation • Product Attributes • Planning • Request For • Quotation • Availability • Purchase Order • Order Confirmation • Call-Off • Order Status • Inventory Status • Product • Quality • Usage • Inventory • Change • Product • Performance • Delivery Message • Goods Receipt • Invoice • Credit/Debit Note • Business Acknowledgement • Information Request • Complaint • Complaint Request

  47. Bullwhip Effect Factors contributing to the Bullwhip Effect: • Forecast Errors • Lead Time Variability • Batch Ordering • Price Fluctuations • Product Promotions • Inflated Orders Methods intended to reduce uncertainty, variability, and lead time: • Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) • Just In Time replenishment (JIT) • Strategic partnership

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