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CITING SOURCES

CITING SOURCES. Parenthetical. CITING SOURCES – PARENTHETICAL. When quoting a text in your own work, you must give appropriate credit to the source. Citation information should appear immediately after the quoted material, in parenthesis. Page numbers must always appear in parenthesis.

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CITING SOURCES

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  1. CITING SOURCES Parenthetical

  2. CITING SOURCES – PARENTHETICAL • When quoting a text in your own work, you must give appropriate credit to the source. • Citation information should appear immediately after the quoted material, in parenthesis. • Page numbers must always appear in parenthesis. • The author’s name may appear in either the text or parenthesis. • Paraphrased material must be cited, as well. • Full citation information must be included on your “Works Cited” page.

  3. CITING SOURCES – ONE AUTHOR • Examples: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).  • Note that in the this example, the author’s name is included in the text, and is therefore excluded from the parenthesis. Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). • In this example, the name of the author does not appear in the text, and therefore must be included in the parenthesis.

  4. CITING SOURCES – ONE AUTHOR Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). • This example is paraphrased. It is still cited with a page number in parenthesis, as required. • The full citation for this source would appear on the Works Cited page, as shown below: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print.

  5. CITING AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME • If the Works Cited page lists sources by different authors with the same last name, use the first initial of each author when citing parenthetically. • Example: Although some medical experts claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

  6. CITING MULTIPLE SOURCES BY THE SAME AUTHOR • When citing multiple books by the same author, include the title of the source between the author’s name and the page number. • Example: While Charlotte finds a home at the end of her adventure (Avi, The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle 272), Crispin discovers his true identity (Avi, Crispin: The Cross of Lead 262).

  7. CITING MULTIPLE SOURCES BY THE SAME AUTHOR • When citing multiple sources by the same author and the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, include only the title and page number in the parenthetical citation. • Example: In each book, Avi creates characters whose identities are not yet formed. While Charlotte believes her life has already been chosen for her, she decides that she cannot live the “orderly” life that is expected of her (The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle271). Crispin, on the other hand, already knows that he has no identity (Crispin: The Cross of Lead10).

  8. CITING SOURCES WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR • When a source does not have a known author, use the title of the source instead of the author name. • Titles should be formatted as they normally would be (italics, underlining, quotation marks, etc.). • When referring to a lengthy title, the title may be shortened in the parenthetical citation, but must appear in full on the Works Cited page.

  9. CITING SOURCES WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR • Example: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . . ” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6). • The full citation for this source would appear on the Works Cited page: “The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” GLOBAL WARMING: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.

  10. CITING SOURCES WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR • For a source with two or three authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation. • Examples: Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76). The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).

  11. CITING SOURCES WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR • For a source with more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by “et al,” or you can list all of the authors’ names. Jones et al. counter the argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America forces law makers to revise existing gun laws (4). Legal experts counter the argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America forces law makers to revise existing gun laws (Jones et al. 4). Jones, Driscoll, Ackerson, and Bell counter the argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America forcesslaw makers to revise existing gun laws (4).

  12. CITING SOURCES WITH MORE THAN ONE VOLUME • For a source with multiple volumes, such as an encyclopedia, include the volume number in the text or in the parenthetical citation. • Example: . . . as documented in The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 (2: 14-17). . . .described in the introduction (The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 2: 14-17).

  13. CITING ONLINE SOURCES • When citing an online source, include the information that first appears in the Works Cited citation. • If more than one page from an online source is used, include the page name as well. • Page numbers are not required when citing online sources. • Example: The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its “MLA Formatting and Style Guide” is one of the most popular resources (The OWL at Purdue).

  14. CITING ONLINE SOURCES • When citing an online source, include the information that first appears in the Works Cited citation. • The full citation for this source would appear on the Works Cited page: The OWL at Purdue: MLA Formatting and Style Guide. May 10, 2006. Web. • Please remember that we are using a modified MLA format when citing online sources!

  15. CITING MULTIPLE SOURCES • When citing multiple sources in one parenthetic citation, separate the information by a semicolon. • Example: . . . as has been discussed above (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

  16. OTHER RESOURCES • If you use another type of source, you are still required to cite it. Other sources include magazines, posters, interviews, brochures, etc. Please use the OWL at Purdue website or see me for information on how to cite other resources. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/search.php

  17. YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES • You MUST include a “Works Cited” page at the end of any research project for my classes. You should include ALL sources used for your written report, oral presentation, and visual aid(s). • If you use resources for other types of projects, you should include a “Works Cited” page, like you would for a research project. • Use the OWL at Purdue website for more detailed information.

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