Early Christian and Jewish Art

1. Early Christian and Jewish Art The lecture

2. Who are these guys? How are they similar? How are they different?

3. ID. Analyze this piece. What traits identify the era that it belongs to?

4. Why stylize? • Ease of communication • Ease of creation • Cost of creation • Numbers of artist working off/with each other

5. Judaism • What do you know about Judaism? • Why is it important? • How did it impact the ancient world?

6. What happened to the Jews in 70 CE? The Diaspora

8. Why is Dura-Europos important • It existed on a crossroads of the ancient world and was a cosmopolitan center. (All kinds of people lived there, and of course brought with them their religions) • It traded hands several times between the Romans and the Persians. • In 256 CE, it fell to the Persians again. Before they took the city, everyone was evacuated. The Persians didn’t resettle the town and the buildings remained largely intact.

9. Dura -Europos synagogue- one of the best preserved synagogues of the ancient world.

10. Synagogue of Dura EuroposLate Antiquity250 CE -originally a private home, then it was converted into a synagogue -Old Testament stories illustrated; all bible figures are represented except God who appears as a hand -Torah niche in the center -Paintings are not in narrative order -Stylized gestures, expressionless figures frontal arrangement, huge eyes, strong detailed outlines, hierarchy of scale -Figures lack volume and shadow; some lack legs -no action or story; an assembly of forms -Interesting comparison to Christian churches at the time

13. Christianity • What do you know about it? • Why is it important? • Why were they hated by the Romans? • What changed that and when?

14. Christianity • The earliest Christians were originally converted Jews. • Therefore, the Christians borrowed heavily from the Jews. (the entire Old Testament) • The Christians began to see foretelling/foreshadowing in the Old Testament stories and so began to incorporate these stories into their art. • When we talk about “Early Christian Art” we mean the earliest art that we have preserved. Nothing exists from the time of Jesus.

15. The Christians did not believe in cremation- they wanted to bury their dead- but as a persecuted group, they could not do so openly. Hence the Catacombs.

16. Loculi cubicula • Who does this remind you of? • The name comes from the Latin ad catacumbas- in the hollows • They run 60 -90 miles • Used from the 2nd to the 4th Centuries CE • AS many as 4,000,000 dead bodies were buried here.

18. Christian Symbols • Fish • The fish was perhaps the favorite Christian symbol, and we note the richness of its meaning. • The New Testament abounds with references to fish. We recall Christ telling his disciples he will make them fishers of men. [Gospel of Matthew, Ch.4 ver.19] The fish therefore became the symbol of the Christian. He was saved in the net of the gospel news preached by the fishermen apostles. • The most important point regarding the symbol of the fish is that in Greek the word fish was written as "ICHTHYS". There are many misconceptions that the Christian used the word fish as a secret code or password. This is false and demonstrates a lack of history. • The word fish was not a secret code, but rather formed an acrostic, which was a typical classical style of poetry by which the letters of a word were ordered to form a phrase, or vice versa. In this case we can vertically read the Greek word for fish: • Iesus • CHristos • THeou • Yios • Soter • Each letter in the word fish formed a word. The meaning of each greek word formed by the letters ICHTHYS are: • Iesus = Jesus • CHristos = Christ • THeou = of God • Yios = Son • Soter = Saviour.

19. Peacocks were said to not decay when they died and thus became symbols of immortality

20. The Anchor By its very functional nature, it represents the ideas of stability, security, and hope because it confirms the safe arrival of the ship at port after a perilous journey at sea. By turning the anchor upside down, the greek letter TAU was formed, and the "T" resembled the shape of the CROSS. Thus the symbolism of the anchor was enriched by this additional element. Hope in Jesus represented the secure port of Salvation, which came about through His crucifixion and resurrection.

21. Christian tradition has long connected the authors of the four canonical Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) with the four "living creatures" that surround God's throne, as described in Rev 4:7, in the following pairs: • Matthew= Angel • Lion=mark • Bull= Luke • Eagle=John

22. The Good Shepherd, Jonah and orantsCatacomb of Sts Peter and Marcellinusearly 4th century CE The organization of the ceiling comes from Roman homes Refers to the dome of heaven and the Cross The arms of the cross end in lunettes or semi-circular frames, which tell the story of Jonah. The Center shows Christ as the Good Shepard

23. The Good Shepherd fromThe Catacombs of Priscilla, Late Antiquity c. 200 CE -Roman and Greek influence is seen in the stance of the Savior (classic contrapposto). -Based off of the Savior's self-description in the Gospel of John -This is an excellent example of Early Christian art because Christ is represented as a young and simple human being. In later Christian art, Christ will become more royal with robes and halos as motifs. -Sheppard will rescue individual sheep (sinners) who stray -OT Jonah appears to the side of this painting. A constant reference of Jews seeing Jonah as a precursor of the coming of Christ -Roman influences (lively and free) painting strokes, from Pompeii Not the best quality frescos- decaying bodies, poor light, excessive humidity, poverty of the patrons

24. "Sarcophagus of JuniusBassus,“ Late Antiquity c.300 Key Piece Created for wealthy Roman convert -Made out of marble -The Savior is placed in the center of the two registers. -The top register puts the Savior into a teaching position in front of his apostles; the lower register has the Savior entering Jerusalem on a donkey. -There are strong references to Roman artwork; for example, the Savior is portrayed as a Roman king and each scene is surrounded by Roman architecture. -There are both Old and New Testament stories on the sarcophagus. No Scene about the Crucifixion. Christ’s life as a teacher and miracle worker are emphasized in early art. No Crucifixion scenes were created before the 5th Century CE.

25. http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval-era/v/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus--marble--359-c-ehttp://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval-era/v/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus--marble--359-c-e

26. Christ enthronedLate Antiquity350 CE Christian churches had no equivalent to pedimental sculpture nor monumental sculpture inside. (graven images) However, many Greco-Roman converts brought with them their classical traditions and hence this statue. Roman tunic, sandals, holds a scroll, like the great philosophers. Young face, long hair.

27. Aula PalatinaRoman Late Empire300 CE Key Piece -The seat of Constantine’s government In Germany -Plain brick once covered with marble on the interior -Triumphal arch in the apse -The Basilican plan inspired Christian churches of the medieval period -The Roman basilica is a political assembly and a hall of justice, not a church. This of course will change as Catholics embrace the design for their churches -Hall is heated by a space under the floor which transmitted heat from a furnace-Buttresses arch into a second story windowed clearstoryNote the use of GLASS- lead framed windows were quickly becoming popular

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5AqQtlm4MY "Old Saint Peter's Basilica Late Antiquity c. 300 CEKey Piece -Commissioned by Constantine -Built outside the city limits of Rome so there would be less conflict between the Romans and the Christians -This form of axial church architecture became the standard for Western Christian churches. -Christians did not want their houses of worship to resemble those of the Roman pagan gods and as such chose to imitate Roman basilicas. -The building of this church allowed for the Christians to leave the catacombs behind and begin worshipping in public. -Built over the burial site of Saint Peter -Unadorned walls, again separate it from Roman style -House relics of St. Peter and was a MAJOR stop in the Pilgrimages of the time

29. Santa SabinaLate Antiquity400 CE -An axial church based off Old St Peters in Rome -Timber roof -unadorned interior -the apse frames the altar where the relics would have been held -light diffuses through the clerestory

32. Santa ConstanzaLate Antiquity300 CE -Central-plan church traditionally used for mausoleums in the Ancient world -This will become the dominate building style of Byzantium and through it Orthodoxy ref Pantheon -Covered in mosaics that told the stories of the Bible -Built for the remains of Emperor Constantine's daughter (Costanza) -Also contains mosaics portraying paganism

33. Pagan and Christian mosaics in Santa Constanza

34. Here come the Barbarians!

35. After Constantine moved the Capitol to Constantinople … • The Empire became Christian rapidly. • In 380, Theodosius made it the official religion of the empire. • On his death, his two sons became the emperors of the East and the West Roman Empires. • Because the barbarians kept becoming a problem, the Western Emperor abandoned Rome altogether and moved his capitol to Ravenna

36. Rome • Ravenna • (Ravenna is surrounded by swamps and is easily defendable)

40. "Christ as the Good Shepherd," Mausoleum of GallaPlacidia Late Antiquity, c. 400 CEKEY PIECE - Mosaic composition in the shape of a lunette -This is the earliest known example of Christ in a mosaic. -The artist mixes both Roman and Greek imagery. -The Savior is portrayed as Apollo (the sun god). (halo)He is an emperor or the king of kings. (He has on a royal, purple robe). Not carrying a lamb, nor a crook- he carries an Imperial Staff -Christ is in a contrapposto position and the landscape is in three dimensions. -Christ is removed from the observer by a bridge that cannot be crossed because of His divinity. -There are many details, especially in the landscape.

42. "Enthroned Christ with Four Angels Late Antiquity c. 500 -This mosaic shows the moving away from the Classical influence (*transition piece into Byzantine art). -There are fewer details and more of a focus on the divinity of the Savior. -The Savior is placed in a setting that is not on this earth (the sky is gold rather than blue). -The Savior is enthroned as the king in purple robes (Roman emperors) and with a cross-inlaid halo/nimbus -The figures have now become more two-dimensional and less life-like. This is in the palace-church of Sant’ApollinareNouvo at Ravenna, built by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths.