Mexico Fourth National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. M. Sc. Israel Laguna

1. Workshop to exchange views on possible elements to be considered in the future revision of the UNFCCC “Guidelines for the preparation of nationalcommunications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention” Mexico Fourth National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. M. Sc. Israel Laguna 21–23 March 2011 St. Mary’s, Antigua and Barbuda

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE • National Institute of Ecology (1) • Mexico: General information (1) • Mexico and Climate Change (9) • National GHG Inventory 1990-2006 (7)

3. What is the National Institute of Ecology (INE)? INE is a decentralized body of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT); it was created in 1993 and reorganized in 2001. CONANP CONABIO INE CONAGUA PROFEPA CONAFOR IMTA MISION: To coordinate research on environmental issues, in order to provide data, ideas, proposals, and technical inputs for the decision-making, to support the environmental and natural resources management of Mexico. Regarding Climate Change INE is in charge of: • Developing and integrating the National Communications of Mexico to the UNFCCC • Up-dating of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • Technical studies on GHG mitigation • Vulnerability assessments and adaptation options to CC. • Support the realization of the Climate Change Actions Programs at state level • Focal Point to the IPCC • Support the international negotiations 5 General directions: 300 employee.

4. MEXICOGeneral information Location The United Mexican States (the official name for Mexico) is located in the northern part of the American continent. The Mexican territory covers 1.96 millions of km2 Climate Because its geographic and topographic conditions, México has a wide variety of climatic regions, with several types of climate: arid, semiarid, dry tropical, humid tropical, temperate and cold. Precipitation Rainfall along the territory’s length and breadth is varied. Historically, the national annual average precipitation was 773 mm for the period from 1941 to 2004. Biodiversity Mexico is among the top five countries known as “megadiverse”. The combined diversity of species in Mexico represents approximately 12% of the world’s total. Population In 2009 Mexico totaled 107.9 million people, of which 72.3% lived in urban areas and 27.7% in rural areas. During 2007-2009 the country’s annual population growth rate was 0.8%.

5. Mexico and the UNFCCC • Mexico signed the UNFCCC in 1992 and it was ratified in 1993. • The Convention came into force for Mexico on March 21, 1994. • Mexico signed the Kyoto Protocol on June 9, 1998.TheMexicanSenateapproved the Kyoto Protocol on April 29, 2000. • The establishment of the Mexican Committee for GHG mitigation projects was on January 23, 2004. • The establishment of the Inter ministerial Climate Change Commission was on April 25, 2005.

6. Activities of Mexico Interministerial Commission on Climate Change Ratifica el Protocolo de Kioto Firma el Protocolo de Kioto Ratification of the UNFCCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC 1992 1993 1994 1997 1998 2000 2001 2003 2004 2006 2007 2009 4th National Communication 3rd National Communication 2nd National Communication 1st National Communication NATIONAL STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE

7. Most important effects of climate change in Mexico Growing desertification in the Central and North regions of Mexico. Reduction of agricultural potential. Difficulties for water supply in several areas Flooding in coastal areas Increase of extreme hydro-meteorological events General effects in forest areas (forest degradation and increase in fires) and hydrological effects Loss of biodiversity Impacts on human health

8. Scientific research Analysis of national circumstances National greenhouse gases (GHG) inventory GHG emissions, concentrations and impacts modeling, scenarios and projections Vulnerability assessments to climate variability and extreme events Public awareness strategies Design and analysis of policies for GHG mitigation and adaptation to climate change Policy implementation at national, regional and local scales, and at general or sector-specific levels Roadmap for Climate Change Policy in Mexico

9. Structure INTERMINISTRIAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSION (Created on April 25, 2005) SAGARPA SCT SE SEDESOL SEMARNAT SENER SHCP SRE SEGOB SALUD Interministrial Climate Change Commission Link Expert opinion Link Social Participation The ministries of tourism and navy and also the INEGI are permanent invited to the CICC

10. Interministrial Climate Change Commission The Interministrial Climate Change Commission (ICCC) was established to coordinate the actions of the agencies and entities of the Mexican Federal Government related to: • the design and the implementation of national policies for preventing and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions • adapting to the effects of climate change and, in general • promoting the development of climate change action programs and strategies to reach the fulfillment of the commitments made by Mexico within the UNFCCC and other instruments derived from, particularly the Kyoto Protocol.

11. Eje 4. Environmental Suistanability 4.6 Climate Change OBJECTIVE 11 Adaptation Strategy 11.1. To promote the adoption of adaptation criteria in the planning process. Strategy 11.2. To develop regional climate scenarios. Strategy 11.3. To evaluate the impacts, vulnerability and adaptation of different socioeconomic sectors and ecological systems. Strategy 11.4. To promote the information diffusion of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation measures to climate change. OBJECTIVE 10 GHG Mitigation. Strategy 10.1. To promote energy efficiency and clean technologies (including renewable) for energy generation. Strategy 10.2. To promote the efficient energy use in the domestic, industry, agricultural and transportation sectors. Strategy 10.3. To promote the implementation of international standards in the transportation sector. Strategy 10.4. To promote energy recovery in the waste sector. http://pnd.presidencia.gob.mx/

12. The Special Program on Climate Change (PECC) 2008-2012 The PECC, sets the national strategy of climate change for the current Federal Administration. It includes coordinated activities from all relevant sectors of the Federal Government, and also from other levels of government (particularly States and Municipalities) and from the private sector. It sets quantitative mitigation and adaptation goals, as well as research objectives and the Mexican position on the international negotiations. GOALS: • In 2012 the mitigation goal is roughly 50 MtCO2e (about 8% of total emissions). • For the period 2008-2012, twelve groups of measures account for 60-70 % of the GHG potential. • For the long term (2050) Mexico aspires to reduce emissions by 50% in reference to year 2000. • In the period 2008-2012, the Mexican oil and gas industry will invest US $7,000 million. http://www.semarnat.gob.mx/queessemarnat/cambioclimatico/Pages/estrategia.aspx

13. Mexico’s Fourth National Communication National Context National GHG Inventory Institutional Arrangements Adaptation programs (impacts, vulnerability and adaptation)‏ Climate change mitigation programs Relevant information Barriers, lacks and needs related to climate change

14. National GHG Inventory 2006

15. National GHG Inventory, 2006 709 million tons of CO2eq

16. Emissions trend by gas CO2 69.3% of total GHGs in 2006

17. Emissions trend by gas CH4 26.4% of total GHGs in 2006

18. Emissions trend by gas N2O 2.9% of total GHG in 2006

19. Energy emissions per capita of Mexico in CO2 e *World average Emission per capita data taken from: EIA. (2008). “CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion”. 2008 Edition. P. II.49 a II.51. Paris, France *

20. Emission Intensity (kg CO2 e / $ GDP) Trend

21. INEGEI 2006 Conclusions • Mexico´s GHG emissions (in equivalent of CO2) growth 40.3% from 1990 to 2006 • Energy category prevails as the main emissions source of GHG, where the fossil fuel used in energy generation and transportation predominates as key sources • Improvements in energy efficiency and investments towards the use of cleaner technologies have improved the energy intensity (energy consumption by GDP) and emissions intensity (CO2 by GDP) between 1990 and 2006. • The GHG emissions growth rate in Mexico is lower than the growth rate of its economy • The results of the National GHG Inventory 1990-2006 shows that there is evidence in Mexico of decoupling between economic growth and GHG emissions

22. GHG Inventory (Problems, lessons learned) Problems: • Lack of human resources • Availability of information (specially in LULUCF, waste) • Lack of local GHG emission factors • No experience with the 2006 IPCC guidance (availability of information) • Top- down vs. bottom up inventories Lessons learned: • Continuity of working groups is a successful way to build capacity (establishment of processes) • Essential the collaboration within the Inter ministerial Commission on Climate Change • Essential the collaboration with academia, research institutions, private sector, etc.

23. Thank you for your attention Israel Laguna Monroy National Institute of Ecology- SEMARNAT Periférico Sur 5000, 6th floor. Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacán. 04530 México, D.F. ilaguna@ine.gob.mx Visit of our Web Page: http://www.ine.gob.mx/ Climate Change Portal http://cambio_climatico.ine.gob.mx/ México. Cuarta Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático: http://www.ine.gob.mx/cpcc-lineas/596-cpcc-comnal