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Narration Direct and Indirect Narration

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Narration Direct and Indirect Narration

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  1. 10th English Grammar :Narration

  2. Narration( Direct or Indirect Speech) • Introduction • There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person: • Direct speech • Indirect speech • Suppose your friend whose name is John, tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. • You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him: • Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”. • Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

  3. In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person. • Reporting Speech: • The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb. • In all of the following examples the reporting verb is “said”. • He said, “I work in a factory” (Direct speech) • He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech) • They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech) • They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)

  4. Reported Speech: • The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. • Examples: • He said that he worked in a factory. • In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

  5. General Changes in Narration • There are three major changes in narration while converting Direct speech into Indirect Speech. These changes are as below: • Change in Pronouns • Change in Tense • Change in Certain Words • Lets discuss these rules in details.

  6. Table of Personal Pronoun:

  7. Change in Certain Words • If Reporting Speech is in past tense, some words in Reported speech will be changed as following: • Now Then • This That • These Those • Ago Before • Here There • Today That Day • Tonight That Night • Yesterday The Last Day • Tomorrow The Next Day • Now a days Those Days

  8. Declarative/ Assertive Sentence • Definition: A sentence which gives some kind of information either affirmatively or negatively. • Examples: • He bought a book. • She does not love me. • Bilal is not a sweet boy.

  9. Affirmative Sentence • Definition: A sentence which gives some kind of information about any person or thing affirmatively. • Examples: • He bought a book. • The sun sets in the west • He was a good boy.

  10. Negative Sentence • Definition: • A negative sentence (or statement) states that something is not true or incorrect. A negative adverb has to be added in order to negate or “cancel” the validity of the sentence. • Examples: • He is not a sweet boy. • I have not completed my work. • Jameel and Asif have gone.

  11. Conversion rules of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in Declarative Sentences: • “Inverted commas” will be converted into That. • The General Changes will be as per rules defined above. i.e. • Change in Pronouns • Change in Tense • Change in Certain Words • If an object is given in the Reporting speech, following changes will take place: • Say Tell • SaidTold • Will sayWill Tell • Shall sayShall Tell • In case of universal truth in the reported speech section, change in tense will not occur.

  12. Examples of Conversion from Direct to Indirect:

  13. Interrogative Sentence • Definition: • A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. • Examples: • Where are you going? • Do you use your laptop?

  14. Conversion rules of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in Interrogative Sentences: • Inverted commas will be replaced by “if/whether”. • Say and Said will be replaced by Ask and Asked respectively. • In reported speech section, structure will be simplified by placing helping verb after the Subject and putting full stop at the end of the sentence. • Do/Does/Did will be omitted. • In case of Question Words at the start of the Reported Speech, “if/whether” will not be used in the place of inverted commas. • All the general changing will be as per rule: • Change in Pronouns • Change in Tense • Change in Certain Words

  15. Examples of Conversion from Direct to Indirect:

  16. Exclamatory Sentence • Definition: A sentence that expresses strong feelings or emotions is called an exclamatory sentence. These sentences express surprise, joy, sorrow, appreciation, love excitement, frustration, anger etc. An exclamatory sentence ends with exclamation mark. • Examples • What a beautiful flower it is! • How nicely she is singing! • That is fantastic! • Hurrah! We won the match!

  17. Conversion rules of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in Exclamatory Sentences: • In reported speech section, interjections for happiness will Omitted and in reporting speech section, say/said will be converted into exclaim/exclaimed with joy, respectively. Some interjection for happiness are as follow: • Yippee ! • Hurrah ! • Yahoo ! • In reported speech section, interjections for sorrow will Omitted and in reporting speech section,say/said will be converted into exclaim/exclaimed with sorrow, respectively. Some interjection for grief or sorrow are as follow: • Oh shit ! • Alas ! • Pooh ! • Oops !

  18. In reported speech section, interjections for wonder or surprise will Omitted and in reporting speech section, say/said will be converted into exclaim/exclaimed with wonder, respectively. Some interjection for grief or surprise and wonder are as follow: • What a ! • How ! • In exclamatory sentence wonder case, Structure of reported speech will be simplified and very will be added before the adjective.

  19. In nutshell, All the interjections will be omitted in the reported speech section • Inverted commas will be replaced by that. • All the general changing will be as per rule: • Change in Pronouns • Change in Tense • Change in Certain Words

  20. Examples of Conversion from Direct to Indirect:

  21. Imperative Sentence • Definition: A sentence that expresses a request, command or advice is called an imperative sentence. • Examples: • Open the door. (An order) • Please help me. (A request)

  22. Conversion rules of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in Imperative Sentences: • Inverted Commas will be replaced by to followed by 1st form of verb. • In reporting speech section Say/Said will be changed into any other hypernym according to the requirement and nature of the reported speech section. Some important hypernyms are as follow: • Advise • Request • Order • Change in tense will not occur in this tense. • Words like, please, kindly are omitted.

  23. Examples of Conversion from Direct to Indirect:

  24. Use of Let • Use: • Imperative sentences beginning with let are different from other imperative sentences. Sentences beginning with let express ideas such as a suggestion, proposal, request, wish, determination, desire etc.

  25. Rules regarding the use of “Let”/Let's in reported speech • Let's usually expresses a suggestion and is reported by the verb suggest in indirect speech:

  26. However, let's not used alone in answer to an affirmative suggestion is often reported by some phrase that opposes the idea.

  27. let's/let us sometimes expresses a call to action. It is then usually reported by: • urge/advise + object + infinitive

  28. Optative Sentence • Definition: • Optative sentences express wishes. • Optative sentences formed with “May”, are found mainly in a very formal way. In Optative sentences infinitive phrase is used so no change in tense occurs. • Examples: • May you live a long and happy life together. • Peace be upon him. • He prayed me to live long. • He beggar cursed the naughty boy that he might go to hell.

  29. Conversion rules of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech in Optative Sentences: • Inverted Commas will be replaced by That if it is followed by May/ Might. • In reporting speech section Say/Said will be changed into any other hypernym according to the requirement and nature of the reported speech section. Some important hypernyms are as follow: • Pray for/ Prayed for • Curse / Cursed • Wish / Wished for • Greet / Greeted • Bade • Words like, Good morning, good evening, would that are omitted.

  30. Examples of Conversion from Direct to Indirect:

  31. Examples of Conversion of the Typical sentences from Direct to Indirect:

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