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Malnutrition

Malnutrition. Sources: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2009 The Omnivore’s Dilemma Michael Pollan, 2006. http://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward-Undernutrition/dp/1588266389. Malnutrition. Undernutrition Lack of nutrients Calories Protein Micronutrients

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Malnutrition

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  1. Malnutrition Sources: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2009 The Omnivore’s Dilemma Michael Pollan, 2006 http://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward-Undernutrition/dp/1588266389

  2. Malnutrition • Undernutrition • Lack of nutrients • Calories • Protein • Micronutrients • Low income countries • Overnutrition • Obesity • Too many calories • High and middle income countries http://i105.photobucket.com/albums/m203/sspasha/Malnutrition.jpg

  3. Undernutrition • Undernutrition • Secondary Malnutrition • Micronutrient Malnutrition • Protein Energy Malnutrition • Most important Severe Protein Energy Malnutrition http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/tech/malnutrition.jpg

  4. Global Undernutrition http://paperdreamer.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/world_hunger_map.jpg

  5. Secondary Malnutrition • Diet normal • Food not digested or absorbed • Diarrhea • Parasites Tapeworm

  6. Micronutrient Malnutrition • Deficiency in: • Vitamin A • Iodine • Iron • Zinc • Calcium • Vitamin D • B Vitamins • Vitamin C Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency) http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/rickets.jpg

  7. Vitamin A Deficiency • Night Blindness • 500,000 children/year • xerophthalmia • Half of these will die • within a year of becoming blind • Rice diet lacking green vegetables • Vitamin supplements help: cost $3/year • Golden Rice could help • xerophthalmia http://www.vitaminsdiary.com/UserFiles/Image/keratomalacia.jpg

  8. Vitamin A Deficiency http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG/800px-Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG

  9. Iodine Deficiency • Iodine deficiency • affects 740 million people worldwide • single greatest cause of preventable brain damage in babies • Goiter • Stillbirth • Miscarriages • Mental Retardation • Prevented by iodized salt • Best sources of natural iodine • Sea weed • Sea food Goiter (thyroid enlargement) http://www.voanews.com/english/images/emory_edu_goiter_Iodine_Deficiency_Disorder_195_eng_11may06_0.jpg

  10. 38 million newborns are not protected from iodine deficiency http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/images/pfc6_sources_of_data_used_in_unicef_analysis_2000-2006.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2007n6/index_41796.htm&h=361&w=600&sz=20&hl=en&start=75&sig2=xIUDzxMbqzKvhSoLjqx6cw&um=1&tbnid=AHRtpUj1tsOS5M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=135&ei=AptlSJ6DD6fuigHGy4y7Cw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunicef%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1B3GGGL_enUS240US242%26sa%3DN

  11. Iron Deficiency Anemia • Affects 2 billion people, • 90% live in developing countries • 39% of preschool children • 52% of pregnant women • Reduced • physical activity • mental activity • Increased • birth mortality • Worms • Malaria • HIV • High iron rice could help http://www.micronutrient.org/reports/images/Page16Image.jpg

  12. Other Deficiencies • Zinc • Growth retardation • delayed sexual maturation • skin and eye lesions • 48% of world at risk for zinc deficiency • Calcium • Osteoporosis: bone loss • Vitamin D • Rickets: bone malformation • Not enough sunlight exposure: • Swaddled babies Swaddled babies at risk for Rickets: not enough sunlight http://www.ulanbatoronline.org/cammp_section/article_images_lamc_latimes/scans/latimes_images/thumbnails/babyswaddle.jpg

  13. Other Deficiencies • Vitamin C • Causes Scurvy: problem in refugee camps • Niacin • Causes Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia • Due to diet high in maize (low in tryptophan) • Thiamin • Causes Beriberi • Due to diet high in polished rice • Folate • Birth defects: Anancephaly and Spina Bifida Scurvy http://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/misc/scurvy.jpg

  14. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Underconsumption of calories or protein • Most important form of malnutrition • Associated with poverty • Not enough food • Poor quality food • Kwashiorkor • Extreme protein deficiency • Marasmus • Extreme calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor

  15. Kwashiorkor • Protein deficiency often associated with weaning onto thin cereal gruels. • Cassava • Plantains • Bloating of the stomach due to edema • Fluid leaking into body • Wasted muscles • Antibodies degraded to provide protein to body • Infection • Dysentery • Death http://www.imageenvision.com/md2/sym_0004-0703-1422-2622_nurse_standing_with_a_group_of_african_children_showing_symptoms_of_the_protein-deficiency_disease_kwashiorkor.jpg

  16. Marasmus • Calorie deficiency • Lack of food • Poorest populations • Neglected • Infants • children • Protein used for energy • Results in wasting • Deterioration of tissues • Brain development impaired

  17. Overnutrition • Consumption of too many calories • Obesity • Medical problems • Heart disease • Diabetes • Cancer http://www.mercola.com/images/blog/2005/01.01.junkfood.gif

  18. Overnutrition • Global problem • Overnutrition has surpassed undernutrition • Worst in middle and high income countries • Rising in low income countries • Can co-exist with undernutrition • Same country • Same household • Projected to get worse as incomes rise • Industrial food • High in calories http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/05/16/article-0-064EFCA50000044D-848_468x296.jpg

  19. Industrial Food • Economies of scale • Industrial agriculture • Commodity grains • Factory farm animals • Confinement • Processing • White flour • Corn and soy ingredients • Low Prices • Must sell more • Supersizing • Fat and sugar added • New products http://www.salembargains.com/Images/Cereal-Aisle2.jpg

  20. Global Overnutrition http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7151000/7151813.stm

  21. Global Overnutrition http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes3.htm http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes1.htm

  22. Overnutrition in the USA • Overweight population • 2/3 of adults • 1/3 of children • Reasons • Excess fat, sugar in diet • Not enough fiber • Sedentary lifestyle • Poor are overweight • Industrial food inexpensive • Fast food • Processed • Energy dense • Fruits, vegetables more expensive http://www.epidemiologic.org/obesity/obesity-epidemic2004-msn-small.JPG

  23. http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_resources/imagesetc/obesity_poverty.jpghttp://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_resources/imagesetc/obesity_poverty.jpg

  24. Overnutrition rising in developing countries • Increase in global food market • Industrial food • Urbanization • Fast Food • Diet change • Decline in traditional diet • Increased meat http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes2.htm

  25. Calorie consumption

  26. Balanced Protein • Protein are made of amino acids • Essential amino acids • Body cannot make • Required in diet • Animal proteins have perfect balance of amino acids • Meat • Milk • Eggs http://www.ibabuzz.com/allyoucaneat/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/eggs.jpg

  27. Complementing Proteins • Plant proteins • are deficient in different essential amino acids • Cereals • Low in lysine • Beans • Low in methionine • Must eat both cereal and beans together • To get balanced amino acids • Complementing proteins Rice and Beans http://www.d16acbl.org/U174/black%20beans.jpg

  28. Calorie Deficiency • Most widespread problem among poor • Cannot get enough calories (energy) in diet • Most get enough protein • Calorie requirements vary • Age • Sex • Pregnancy • Lactation

  29. Nutritional Needs • RDA • Recommended Daily Allowance • Level of nutrients adequate for 97-98% of the group • Good target for individuals • EAR • Estimated Average Requirement • Level of nutrients adequate for ½ individuals in group • Always lower than RDA • Good target for average intake of a group http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/pyramid.gif

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