June 1, 2007 at Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand YOSHIDA Masami

1. Improvement of a Distance Education Project by Six Sigma WayUsing Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Clarifying the Indispensable Measures for Improvement June 1, 2007 at Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand YOSHIDA Masami Professor of Chiba University, Faculty of Education An Advisor of Thailand Cyber University Project, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand

2. purpose and objective In purpose of occupying the city, the enemy tried to gain all the military objectives. “purpose” includes long term and variety of ways to achieve the aim. purpose => outcome(In Japanese 目的：　aim+terget) “objective” is the short direction which often includes some indicators. objectives => measure ( In Japanese 目標: aim+indicator)

3. designing measure define reflect analyze learners evaluate and revise control analysis observe evaluation revised plan see design plan state objectives do implementation analyze require learner participation development select media and materials utilize media and materials action improvement PDS: genetic ADDIE: behaviorist ASSURE: behaviorist + cognitive psyco AORR: action research DMAIC: six sigma

4. changes of orientation • instructional skill oriented • objectives oriented (behaviorist) • mode of information (cognitive psychology) • learners’ experience (constructivist theory) • outcome oriented • wisdom and intelligence oriented

5. descriptive explanative skillful person can do, but can not explain tacit knowledge of Michael Polanyi QFD change to explicit knowledge contextual

6. knowledge Michael Polanyi proposed in 1966 • tacit knowledge: skillful • explicit knowledge: memorable The process of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge is known as codification or articulation. The tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified, but can only be transmitted via training or gained through personal experience.

7. tacit knowledge • only known by an individual and that is difficult to communicate to the rest of an organization • knowledge that people carry in their minds and difficult to access • often, people are not aware of the knowledge they possess or how it can be valuable to others • consists often of habits and culture • it provides context for people, place, ideas, and experience Tacit knowledge can be understood to be knowledge that is embedded in a regional environment and is difficult to share with people not embedded in that environment.

8. explicit knowledge • knowledge that has been or can be articulated, codified, and stored in a medium. • it can be readily transmitted to others. • form of knowledge are manuals, documents and procedure including style of audio-visual, art or product design. • externalized human skills and motives.

9. know-how • improve the system by know-how (tacit knowledge), not by know-what (fact), know-why (science), know-who (networking). • tacit knowledge has been found to be a crucial input to the innovation process • average oriented => small deviation oriented • discontent => proposal for improvement • sectional evaluation => daily study for improvement

10. triarchy theory of intelligence R. J. Sternberg(1977, 1985, 1995) • Analytical (componential) • Creative (experiential) • Practical (contextual) > tacit knowledge He states about practical subsystem as, Intelligence is: "Purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life" (Sternberg, 1984, p.271)

11. QC; quality control • minimize loss and failure • QC circle • inside system activities • continuous activity as a part of the work • self-initiated motivation • issue annual report than budget allocation • statistical process control

12. Six sigma Six Sigma is a business improvement methodology, originally developed by Motorola to eliminate defects. The core of the Six Sigma is a data-driven, systematic approach to problem solving. Statistical tools and analysis are used in the process.

13. If you achieve production 99.9997% then you are at 6 Sigma.

14. DMAIC • D: define • M: measure • A: analyze • I: improvement • C: control This tool is good for improve the system. Other six sigma tools, DMADV(define-measure-analyze-design-verify) for development, DMEDI(define-measure-explore, develop- implement) for development.

15. QFD; quality function deployment

16. Developing DE Materials from Daily Instructions Inserting Contents Development PRODUCTION REVISED PLAN PACKAGE Stock Footage Asynchronous REFLECTION Synchronous Supervise LESSON

18. Where DE is enhanced 1. Budgeting

19. linear measure to deliberate countermeasure • problem => discontent (overlook) • problem => a countermeasure • problems => (select) a countermeasure • problems => cases => targeting => analysis => a countermeasurelinear design => cross analysis

20. reconnaissance • by different experts • students are not customers • Students do not know much about DE system. They just want to have successful learning process in it. • They often appeal encountered problems more than customers of products. • How can we record the situation.

21. HOQ, house of quality category of elements rating benchmark weighting category of target quality rating benchmark weighting cal < Quantification Theory III

22. effective action Effective for solving problems based on HRD and work instruction. many elements many target qualities weighting => selection deployment action weighting => selection action

23. Systems approach Areas for HRD Check points Quality elements Check points Quality elements Areas for HRD DE quality required Phase model of QFD FIGURE 2 Four-phase model for DE project

24. benchmarking • subjective rating => scaling • use similar project