Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny The United States 1840-1850

2. Objectives will include: • Harrison Administration • Man without a party • The Texas Question • Manifest Destiny • Mexican-American War • Compromise of 1850

3. Harrison Administration • William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren, 1840 • Harrison is Inaugurated March 4, 1841 • Henry Clay and the Whigs are excited. 3rd National Bank? • Harrison dies April 4, 1841 • John Tyler first Vice President to ascend to the Presidency. Is he President or Acting President?

4. Election of 1840 vs William Henry Harrison Martin Van Buren President Harrison dies April 4, 1841 VP John Tyler becomes president

5. A Man Without a Party • Tyler a Whig? • John Tyler v Henry Clay • 3rd National Bank, passes congress twice, Tyler vetoed each of the bills. • Clay was upset. “President Tyler! I demand a bank now! Tyler responded. Then sir understand this- that you and I were born in the same district; that we have fed upon the same food and have breathed the same natural air. Go you now, then, Mr. Clay, to your end of the country as you shall think proper. So help me God, I shall do mine at this end of it, as I shall think proper.”

6. A Man Without a Party • The Whigs remove Tyler from the party. • Members of Tyler’s cabinet resign • Does not seek re-election. • Annexation of Texas. • April of ’44 Tyler approves treaty to annex Texas, but Congress rejected it • Congress passes a joint resolution, and Tyler signs off on it three days before his term expires.

7. Election of 1844 • James Knox Polk, Democrat, Tennessee • Henry Clay, Whig, Kentucky Democratic Platform • Annex Texas, Occupy Oregon, no Fed money for internal improvements, Bank of U.S. Whig Platform • Regulated currency, high tariff, one term presidency, restrictions on the Presidential veto

8. Election of 1844 James K. Polk Henry Clay

9. Campaign, 1844 • Clay against the annexation of Texas, alienates Southern voters, interpreted as an attempt to prevent the spread of slavery. • Third party candidate James Birney, ME, Liberty/Abolitionist Party, takes votes from a slave owning Henry Clay. New York goes to Polk. • Polk announces if elected he will not seek a second term.

10. Election of 1844, Results Polk Clay Birney Dem Whig Abol/Liberty 1,337,243 1,299,068 62,300 50% 48% 2% 170 105 0 15 11 0 Polk wins!

11. Manifest Destiny • [Foreign attempts aimed at] limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. John Louis O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1839 • This continent was intended by Providence as a vast theater on which to work out the grand experiment of Republican government, under the auspices of the Anglo-Saxon race. Congressman, 1845

12. Polk Administration • Oregon- “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” • Great Britain and the United States both have claims to Oregon. 42nd – 54th parallel. • Polk compromises agrees on the 49th Parallel. verses

13. Texas and the U.S. Border • Texas- annexed by Tyler, joint-resolution, U.S.- Mexican relations suffer. • Where is the Mexican/Texas Border? • Mexico- Southwest border is the Nueces River • United States- Southwest border is the Rio Grande. verses

14. Mexican-American War • Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico, purchase California, New Mexico, and up to the Rio Grande • April 1846 Polk sends American troops under the direction of Zachary Taylor to the disputed territory • 24 April 1846 Mexican troops engage with an American Patrol and kill 11 American Soldiers. • “Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil.” Polk, War Message, May 11, 1846 • House 174 - 14, Senate 40 – 2 • Protest against the war. Slidell

15. Mexican-American War The Leaders Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna-Mexican President/Dictator James K. Polk-President of USA

18. Mexican-American War • The Mexican American War is the first major conflict to be driven by “Manifest Destiny”. • The Casualties U.S. – 13,780 dead Mexico -25,000 • In 1847 the Mexican government surrendered to the United States and began negotiations to end the war.

19. Mexican-American War • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 1848 • Border between the United States and Mexico would be fixed at the Rio Grande. • Mexico relinquished all or part of modern California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. • The United States paid $15 million for the territory • The U.S. agreed to assume all claims logged against Mexico by American Citizens.

20. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

21. Mexican-American War • Results • More than 500,000 square miles of territory • Mexico half its former size. • Mexican Resentment for the United States • Slavery Question

22. The Gadsden Purchase • In 1853 James Gadsden, the U.S. minister to Mexico negotiated the Gadsden Purchase. • The U.S. government paid Mexico 10,000,000 dollars for the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. • The U.S. wanted the region for a trans-continental railroad route.

23. Election of 1848 • Whigs Nominate Zachary Taylor, no experience in politics, Military Experience • Democrats- Lewis Cass, Michigan • Campaign- Slavery dominated the campaign, Wilmot Proviso, Taylor owned over 100 slaves, didn’t comment on the issue. Cass favored “squatter sovereignty”, warned against federal interference in slavery.

24. Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren

25. Election of 1848 • Free Soil Party, Martin Van Buren, took enough votes away from the Democrats to tip New York and the Election to Taylor. • First election in which voting took place nationwide on the same day. • 72.7% of eligible voters participated.

26. Slavery Question, New Territory • Wilmot Proviso, ban slavery in the Mexican Cession territory. Passes the House twice. • John C. Calhoun opposes the Wilmot Proviso, unconstitutional. Congress has the right to protect the property rights of citizens, that included the slave owners right to carry their property across into new territory. • California applies for statehood, FREE STATE Calhoun

27. California • 15 Free States, 15 Slave States in 1849 • John C. Calhoun- fights for California as a slave state, preserve Southern influence in national affairs. Northern aggression against the South; destroyed the rights of citizens, states. Creates a more consolidated Federal government. • William Seward- Moral argument vs. Constitution, shouldn’t compromise. Seward

28. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay • California admitted to the Union as a Free State • Divide the remaining portion of the Mexican Cession Territory into two parts, New Mexico and Utah. Citizens in these territories to decide on slavery by a vote, popular sovereignty. • Slave trade in Washington D.C. was abolished • New Fugitive Slave Act • Opposed by Zachary Taylor, Dies in office July 9, 1850. Clay

29. Fugitive Slave Law • Required the federal government to take an active role in the return of slaves to their masters. • Suspected fugitives were denied a right to trial or to defend themselves at a judicial proceeding. • Free African-Americans in the North were sometimes returned to Southerners who claimed that they had lost slaves. • Those participating in the Underground Railroad would face stiff criminal and civil penalties.

30. Taylor Administration • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850 U.S. and G.B. • Canal across Central America was to be neutral • Neither side was to erect or maintain any fortifications at the canal • Neither side was to occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume, or exercise dominion over…any part of Central America. • Slavery issue • Died in Office, July 9, 1850 PresidentTaylor

31. The true cause of Zachary Taylor's premature death is not fully established. On July 4, 1850, Taylor consumed a snack of milk and cherries at an Independence Day celebration. On this day, he also sampled several dishes presented to him by well-wishing citizens. Upon his sudden death, five days later on July 9, the cause was listed as gastroenteritis.

32. Millard Fillmore • Compromise of 1850 • Commodore Mathew C. Perry’s Mission to Japan • California was admitted to the Union • Lost party nomination when he approved the Fugitive Slave Law, did not run in 1852. President Filmore