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Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Problem Solving Fall Quarter 2007

Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Problem Solving Fall Quarter 2007. Problem Solving. A Major Category of Human Cognition What is Problem Solving? The pursuit of a goal when the path to that goal is uncertain Distinct from Algorithmic Performance

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Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Problem Solving Fall Quarter 2007

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  1. Education 173Cognition and Learning in Educational SettingsProblem SolvingFall Quarter 2007

  2. Problem Solving • A Major Category of Human Cognition • What is Problem Solving? • The pursuit of a goal when the path to that goal is uncertain • Distinct from Algorithmic Performance • No rule or recipe to guarantee success • Tying shoelaces is not problem solving • Or is it?

  3. Heuristics Can Help • Heuristics • Are “rules of thumb” • Not algorithms • Because success is not guaranteed • Polya’s Heuristics for Mathematical Problem Solving • Think of a related problem • Try to solve part of problem • Draw a picture

  4. Heuristic Search • Search Through Problem Space • Beginning state • What’s the situation? • Westley: What are our assets?” • Ending state • What are we trying to accomplish? • Legal moves • What’s permitted? • Metaphor: Navigating a Maze

  5. General and Domain-Specific Heuristics • General Heuristics • Hill climbing • Working backward • Means-ends analysis • Working forward (experts) • Subgoaling is a common feature • Domain-Specific Heuristics • Math: Polya’s heuristics • Writing: Save words

  6. Experts and Novices • How Much Knowledge?: 50,000 Chunks • How Much Time?: 10 Years • But what about Mozart? • Problem Solving Characteristics • Working forward heuristic • Deep structure vs. surface features • More up-front time in problem representation • When Would Experts Rely on General Heuristics?

  7. Insight • Sudden Solution of a Problem • Stages of Insight • Preparation • Incubation • Bed, bath, bus phenomenon • Illumination “Aha” • Verification • Even Apes: Gestalt Theory • Sultan on Tenerife

  8. Implications of Problem Solving • Problem Solving is Important to Human Purpose. • Being successful in __________ . • Some Problems Are Ill-Defined • Where the ultimate goal and means are not clear. • Problem Solving Involves Regulation of Emotion • “I don’t know what I’m doing” • And that’s okay • Errors and Inefficiency • Are they always bad? • Are they compatible with the school culture?

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