Exploration and Colonization

1. Exploration and Colonization Unit One

2. The World: Pre-Columbus

4. I. Early Exploration • Late 1400s: European nations begin exploring and establishing colonies in: • Asia • Africa • The Americas

6. How were these nations in Europe able to begin this “Age of Exploration?” • National leaders had grown in power and wealth and could afford to finance voyages. • New technology (compass, telescope, improved ships) allowed explorers to travel across vast oceans.

7. Portuguese “Caravel”

8. What convinced kings and queens to pay for expeditions? • “God”…Expansion was seen as a way to spread Christianity. • “Gold”…Countries hoped to discover lands that would make them rich! • “Glory”…Explorers and monarchs would become heroes.

10. Portugal was the first nation to impact the Age of Exploration. • Sailed into and around Africa – returned with resources and African slaves • Eventually reached the Americas and est. settlements in what is today Brazil in South Am. • Brought slaves to the New World and attempted to convert Native Americans to Christianity

13. Spain was the next nation to explore the Americas. • 1492: Christopher Columbus explored islands in the Caribbean • 1499: Amerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing these new lands (“America”) • Spain considered these lands open to colonization, even though many native peoples already lived there

15. Columbian Exchange: the exchange of resources and goods between Europe and the Americas -benefited Europeans, not Native Americans (slaves, death)

17. Early 1500s: Spanish conquistadors began conquering Mexico and South Am. (ex: Hernan Cortes overran the Aztecs in 1519) • 1519: Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain • 1595: St. Augustine, FL became the first permanent European settlement in North Am. -oldest city in the US today

19. Castillo de San Marcos

20. Spain established missions to teach Native Am.’s the Catholic faith, the Spanish lang., and how to be loyal to the King • These missions also served the poor and set up schools • Spain established colonies in present-day… 1) Mexico 2) Parts of South America 3) Southern and Southwest US

21. The Spanish Empire

22. European diseases killed millions of Native Americans • The natives had no immunity to such diseases as small pox, measles, the flu, etc. • This made it easier for Spain and others to conquer Native Am. lands

23. France established their first permanent settlement in North Am. at Quebec in present-day Canada (1608). • Some settled along the Ohio and Miss. Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico • Most came for economic reasons • Est. a profitable fur trade with the Native Am’s. • Most French, unlike other nations, viewed their time in Am. as temporary

25. The Netherlands (Holland) established New Amsterdam in 1626 (now NYC)

26. II. The British Colonies • The British established colonies along the eastern coast of North America • Between the Atlantic and Appalachian Mts. • From Georgia to Maine

28. Roanoke and Jamestown Reading Activity

29. Roanoke, NC: first major attempt at British settlement in the New World – failed twice • 1585: starving settlers returned back to England • 1587: ended in a great mystery – only empty buildings were found

31. Jamestown, VA: first successful British settlement (1607) • Established by the Virginia Company who hoped to profit from the raw materials • Most of the early settlers died (brutal winters, disease, starvation) • John Rolfe saved Jamestown by bringing tobacco to the colony • House of Burgesses: first example of self-government in the colonies (two houses)

32. Jamestown (1607)

33. “Starving Time” • THE FAMISHED JAMESTOWN COLONISTS BEGAN BY EATING THEIR HORSES. • THE HORSES WERE FOLLOWED BY RATS, MICE, DOGS, CATS, SNAKES AND ... BOOTS. • THEN THEY BEGAN EYEING EACH OTHER!!!! • THEY WOULD LATER CALL IT THE "STARVING TIME," WINTER 1609-10.

34. SOME COLONISTS DUG THEIR OWN GRAVES AND LAY DOWN IN THEM, RESIGNED TO DEATH. • THEY BOILED THEIR FANCY COLLARS, OR RUFFS, FOR THE STARCH. • THEY ATE THEIR DEAD. • GEORGE PERCY, ONE OF JAMESTOWN'S EARLY LEADERS, IN ABOUT 1625 PROVIDED WHAT IS PROBABLY THE BEST-KNOWN AND MOST GRUESOME ACCOUNT. HE DESCRIBED A "WORLDE OF MISERIES" THAT INCLUDED HUNGER-CRAZED COLONISTS DIGGING UP THE DEAD, AND ONE MAN WHO KILLED, "SALTED" AND CARVED UP HIS PREGNANT WIFE FOR FOOD.

35. Plymouth, MA: established by a group of Puritans, the Pilgrims, in 1620 • Came for religious freedom (persecuted by the Church of Eng.) • Mayflower Compact: first efforts at self-government in New England -est. an elected legislature and said the gov’t derived its power from the people

37. Over the next 150 years, England established 13 colonies in the New World: • Massachusetts 8) North Carolina • Connecticut 9) South Carolina • Pennsylvania 10) Rhode Island • New York 11) Maryland • Virginia 12) New Hampshire • New Jersey 13) Georgia • Delaware

39. Citizens living in these 13 colonies were citizens of England as much as if they had been living in London, England 3,000 miles away. • Why did thousands make the trip to the British Colonies? • Religious Freedom • Political Freedom • Economic Opportunity

41. The British Colonies can be divided into 3 geographic regions, each with its own economy and way of life: • New England Colonies • Founded on religion and strongly influenced by the Puritan faith • After the Pilgrims landed, other Puritans settled farther north and est. the Massachusetts Bay Colony

42. Some left Mass. and est. colonies elsewhere (RI, CT, NH) – often left because of disagreements with the church • Fundamentals Order of Connecticut: stated that the govt’s power came only from the “free consent of the people” • Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were important industries – farms were very small

44. Salem Witch Trials (1692): Accused of being witches, several girls in Salem, Mass. were sentenced to death • Puritans were the first to promote public education (everyone should be able to read the Bible) • Generally, only boys attended school while girls trained for “womanly duties” at home

45. The Salem Witch Trials were a fearful and disastrous time in American history. As regular children and adults were accused of being witches, families were torn apart. The once friendly communities were now full of rumors and distrust, suspicion, and dislike. Anyone could be declared a witch, even innocent widows or young girls who were different in one simple way or disliked by one Puritan person. The punishments for witches were often horrifying and included hanging, water drowning, burning, and pressing the "witches."

46. Middle Colonies • Religious tolerance attracted many to the region (Quakers, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Mennonites) • This was the most culturally diverse of the 3 regions • Eng. conquered New Amsterdam and renamed it New York • Pennsylvania became a homeland for Quakers

49. New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia were important shipping ports for trade • Had a mixed economy of farming and commerce (business) • Wheat, barley, and rye were staple crops (sold for profit)

50. Southern Colonies • Est. primarily for economic reasons, unlike New England • Relied on staple crops such as rice, tobacco, and cotton which needed a large labor force • Plantations, huge farms owned by wealthy landowners, emerged in the South