Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil Industry

1. Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil Industry

2. TERI Technologies

3. Sources of Environmental Impact • Exploration  Underwater explosions (250 db) disturbs communication and navigation of aquatic animals. • Drilling  Muds – oil, heavy metals, chemicals (CI, BCD, O2X, detergents  Land and water pollution (3826 MTs oil discharged in offshore in Britain in 1996) • Processing  Rigs & Pipelines  Noise, Light, Land & water pollution. Flaring of gas  Global warming – Climate Change. • Refining  SOx, NOx, Cox, SPM to Air, Solid waste to Land and Liquid effluent to water pollution. • Storage  Tank Bottom Sludge, Crude Oily Sludge, Emulsion Oily Sludge, Oily Sludge in Pit – Air, Water & Land pollution. • Transportation  Oil Spill , Leakage of pipe line  Water & Land (Farmer’s agricultural land). • Accidents  Oil Contaminated Site, Ship breaking at sea  water & land pollution. (223 oil spill in UK in 1996, Fire in Oil India Ltd, India, 2005) • War Land, Sea water pollution  Gulf War 1991, Lebanon Bombing etc.

4. Sources of Environmental Impacts

5. Sources of Environmental Impacts

6. Sources of Environmental Impacts

7. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

8. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

9. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on soil quality: • Oil contaminated soil looses its fertility for more than 20 years. • The texture and other physicochemical characteristics of the soil gets affected. • The mites and other insects can’t survive in oil contaminated land leading to major imbalance in the food chain. • Oil contamination has adverse effect on seed germination. Farmers loose its crops and are not able to grow agricultural crops for years after years. • Effect on economy of the farmers. • Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat: • A large percentage of the oil spills gets spread over the surface of the stagnant aquatic system resulting anaerobic environment in the water below the surface. This leads to death of the natural flora and fauna where oxygen is the key element for their respiration. • Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats of the fresh water ecosystem.

10. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological habitat: • Physical smothering effect and lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the aquatic life • Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc. • Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals. • Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles • Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize. • Oil spill significantly reduce the density of invertebrates and taxonomic richness at least 5 km downstream. • Some fish species has been found with altered tracheal gills • impregnated with tar like substance.

11. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on Marine Eco-system and ecological habitat: • Displacement of fish and other aquatic animals due to noise pollution by underwater explosion. • A large percentage of the oil spill gets emulsified and solidified along with sea shore, clinging to sand, rock and stone. • Physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats such as when oil is incorporated into sediments • Physical smothering effect on the marine life • Lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the marine life • Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning, Loss in flight, Poisoning etc. • Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal organs of the aquatic birds and animals. • Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and reptiles • Plants covered by the oil, unable to photosynthesize. • Changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from oil effects on key organisms e.g. increased abundance of intertidal algae following the death of limpets, which normally eat the algae.

12. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on human health: • Long term exposure to crude oil contamination leads to severe diseases to human and other animals. • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major components found in crude oil are highly health hazard like skin erythema (reddening), skin cancer, sinonasal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and bladder cancer. • Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapours causes headache, nausea, dizziness, respiratory irritation. • Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX), the key components of crude oil causes mutations, cancers, birth defects, endocrine disruptions, nervous disorders, and liver disease, carcinogen, effect on CNS, depression, irregular heartbeats.

13. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on air quality: • The ambient air quality gets affected because of high carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), SPM (fine and respirable suspended particulate matter), VOC (volatile organic compounds) etc. • Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health. Health effects range anywhere from minor irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory system to chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death. Air pollution has been shown to cause acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to worsen the condition of people with pre-existing heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air pollution has been shown to aggravate the frequency and severity of attacks. Both short-term and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy. • Air pollutants can also indirectly affect human health through acid rain, by polluting drinking water and entering the food chain, and through global warming and associated climate change and sea level rise.

14. Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination • Effect on climate change: • Continuous gas flaring is a major source of green house gases which has great impact on climate change. This results in global warming, flooding, coastal erosion, rise in sea level, massive population migration and loss of infrastructure. • There is chance of adverse impact on human health and loss of life due to heat waves, extreme weather events, contaminated water supply, air pollution and increased transmission of disease.

15. Environmental Protection Measures • Environment Management Practices (EMP) • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Environmental Management System (ISO 14000) • Occupational Health Safety and Society (OHSAS 18000) • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) • Environmental protection measures are taken to minimize pollution in water, air, land and biological environment by improving the environmental performance.

16. Environmental Protection Measures • “Caring for the Climate” initiative: • Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India and Tata Steel are among the companies that have recently joined a UN climate change initiative for business leaders, according to the UN Global Compact, which partners industry. • Some 230 companies from around the world have signed up for this “Caring for the Climate” initiative since it was launched in 2007. • The CEOs of these companies have to pledge their commitment to caring for the environment. • As many as 150 of the world’s top 500 corporations are its members. There are also 74 country networks and India is “very strong”. It was formed in Mumbai in 2000. • Shri R S Sharma, CMD of ONGC and also President of the Indian arm of United Nations Global Compact.

17. Environmental Protection Measures

18. Environmental Protection Measures

19. Environmental Policy and Regulations • International and national policies developed. • The basic legislations, rules and regulations covering environmental dimensions of the petroleum sector. • The petroleum (production) (seaward areas) regulation act 1988 provides that “ the licensees are obliged to operate in a proper and workmanlike manner in accordance with methods and practice customarily used in good oil field practice”. • The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16th February, 2005. • Each country has to create its own policy based on own circumstances. • In India TERI is co-operating with the government regulatory authorities like Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), for developing various policies related to environment.

20. Environmental Policy and Regulations Dr. R.K.Pachauri, Director-General, TERI, India & Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is also the advisor to Government of India for Climate Change Policy. Dr Pachauri accepts the Nobel Peace Prize 2007 on behalf of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change at a presentation ceremony held in Oslo on 10 December 2007.

21. Environmental Policy and Regulations • Acts & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries: • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1975 • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 & Cess (Amendment ) Act, 2003 • The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978  • The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended 1987 • The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ,1981 amended 1983 • The Environment (Protection ) Act , 1986 • The Environment (Protection ) Rules ,1986 amended 2005 • Environment (Siting for industrial projects) Rules 1999 • Declaring coastal stretches as coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) 1991 • The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,1989 amended 2003, further amended 2008. • The Manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals Rules 1989 amended 2000

22. Environmental Policy and Regulations • Acts & Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil Industries: • The Biomedical Waste Rules (Management and Handling) ,1998 amended 2003 • The Noise pollution ( Regulation & Control ) Rules, 2000 amended 2002 • The Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, preparedness & response ) Rules, 1996 • The Batteries ( Management & Handling ) Rules.2001 • The Ozone Depleting substances (regulation & Control) Rules 2000 • The Public Liability and Insurance Act , 1981 amended 1992 • The Public Liability and Insurance Rules, 1981 amended 1993 • The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 • The National Environment Appellate Authority (Appeal) Rules, 1997 • The National Environmental Tribunal Act. 1995

23. Bioremediation : An Ecofriendly Solution For Treatment Of Petroleum Waste

24. Conventional methods for remediation of Oil Contamination • Land filling • Incineration • Air Spurging • Natural Remediation (like evaporation of VOCs, auto oxidation, and photo oxidation, etc.) • Surfactants • Chemical dissociation, dumping in injection wells, etc. • Land farming

25. What is Bioremediation ? • Bioremediation : Naturally occurring microorganisms for remediation of harmful substances to nontoxic compounds. • Used for clean up of oil spills, oily sludge, oil contaminated site, oil contaminated water , any other type of contamination like pesticide contamination etc. • End product CO2, water & cell biomass • More Economical & Environment-friendly compared to other conventional methods, like incineration etc.

26. Comparison with other methods

27. Comparison with other methods

28. Northern Region Eastern Region Duliajan Panipat Digboi Guwahati Mathura Bongaigaon Barauni Haldiochin North Eastern Region Visakhapatnam Western Region Southern Region Vadinar Pipeline Terminal Mumbai Cochin Development of the consortiumOil Installations in India

29. Development of the consortium • Isolation of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation • 15 different oil contaminated sites identified (in India) • Different geo-climatic regions • Different level of contamination and types of contamination • Age and history of contamination • 324 bacterial strains were screened (from 15 sites) • Four bacterial strains were finally selected

30. Composition of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) Crude Oil Alkane Fraction Aromatic Fraction NSO Fraction Asphaltene Fraction • Straight Chain Compound • Branched Chain Compound • Cyclic Compound • Monocyclic Aromatics • Polycylic Aromatic

31. The Microbial Consortium A microbial consortium was developed, comprising of 4 different strains of microbes which can eat up oil contamination in soil. Can work in different climatic conditions i.e. 150C – 600C temp, upto 6% salinity etc. Not pathogenic and not harmful to the environment. Can degrade the oil contamination very quickly (normally 4 – 6 months time) Easy to handle.

32. Mechanism of Action

33. Oilzapper KT- Oilzapper Oilivorus-A Oilivorous-S Oilivorous-A KT Microbial Products of TERI

34. TERI’s experience on Bioremediation Name of the company where bioremediation job has been carried out Quantity (MTs) of oil contamination BG Exploration & Production India Limited, India 1185.00 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India 1000.00 Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India 510.00 Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, India 4000.00 Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, India 20.00 Hindustan Petroleum Corpn Limited, India 1500.00 Indian Oil Corporation Limited, India 45150.00 Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, India 150.00 Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, India 2000.00 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India 72173.00 Oil India Limited, India 8625.00 Reliance Petroleum Limited, India 300.00 Tata Power Company Limited, India 10.00 KOC, Kuwait 700.00 ADNOC, Abu Dhabi 200.00 Total quantity undertaken for bioremediation job 137523.00

35. TERI’s experience on Bioremediation Type of oil contamination Quantity (MTs) of oil contamination Synthetic oil based mud (SOBM) 1185.00 Drill cuttings 710.00 Emulsion sludge 1150.00 Thermal power station sludge 30.00 Acidic sludge 13700.00 oil contaminated soil (land) 23301.00 oil contaminated water 740.00 Crude oily sludge/ oily sludge in pit 96707.00 Total quantity of oil contamination undertaken for bioremediation job 137523.00

36. Application Process Steps 1. Site preparation 2. Installation of Bore wells (Optional) 3. Transfer of oil contaminated soil 4. Application of microbial consortium to the oil contaminated soil 5. Application of nutrients to the oil contaminated soil 6. Tilling and watering 7. Sampling – oil contaminated soil and ground water 8. Sample Analysis – Monitoring Bioremediation

37. Application Process Steps

38. Monitoring of Bioremediation Job Monitoring of TPH Monitoring of Fractions of TPH Monitoring of Soil quality Monitoring of Ground water quality Monitoring of Microbial population

39. Constituents of oily sludge Composition (%) in samples of CPF Gandhar CTF South Santhal GGS Narimanam Solvent extractable TPH 44.65 7.42 51.50 Water content 27.12 18.73 22.79 Sediments / inorganic 28.23 73.85 25.71 Constituents of TPH Alkane fraction 68 65 60 Aromatic fraction 20 24 22 NSO fraction 8 3 6 Asphaltane fraction 4 8 12 Composition of oily sludge undertaken for bioremediation

40. Biodegradation of TPH South Santhal CTF, ONGC, Mehsana Asset, India

41. Biodegradation of TPH CPF,Gandhar, ONGC, Ankleshwar Asset, India

42. Biodegradation of Alkane &Aromatic fractions of TPH

43. Preparation of bioremediation site

44. Application of Microbial Consortium

45. Tilling of bioremediation site

46. Watering of bioremediation site

47. Sampling at the bioremediation site

48. From waste OIL To fertile SOIL

49. From waste OIL To fertile SOIL

50. Bioremediation of oily sludge at BPCL Refinery, Mumbai Before bioremediation After bioremediation