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THE COLD WAR 1945-1991

THE COLD WAR 1945-1991. The “Thaw”: 1953-1956. The Rise of Nikita Kruschev. Stalin dies (is murdered) March 1, 1953 Lavrenti Beria, who is the prime suspect, is removed from power by members of the Politboro

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THE COLD WAR 1945-1991

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  1. THE COLD WAR 1945-1991

  2. The “Thaw”:1953-1956

  3. The Rise of Nikita Kruschev • Stalin dies (is murdered) March 1, 1953 • Lavrenti Beria, who is the prime suspect, is removed from power by members of the Politboro • Collective leadership of Georgi Malenkov, Nicolai Bulganin & Nikita Kruschev struggle for power • Malenkov, first and short-term successor, initiates idea of a “New Course” in relations with the West • Kruschev soon wins struggle for power and adapts the “New Course” and pushes for “peaceful co-existence” • Went against Lenin’s belief in inevitability of conflict • Moved that capitalism and communism accept each other • Believed that capitalism would die out on its own accord

  4. The Austrian State Treaty • Possible reasons for “New Course”: • Security after regime changes • Security during transition from conventional defensive structure to one of airborne nuclear deterrence • Prevent a possible move on the part of the West to incorporate W. Austria into W. Germany • Possible gesture of friendship? consider following • (Armistice in Korea ‘53, Armistice in Indo-China ‘54, Granted diplomatic recognition of Greece & Israel, Restored relations with Yugoslavia ‘55, Drop of claims on Turkish territory, Normalize relations w/ Iran, Withdrawal from naval base in Finland, Geneva Summit ’55, Cominform abolished ‘56) • April 1955, Soviets propose peace with Austria • Four power occupation of Austria is ended and Austria is granted independence • However, Soviets do create Warsaw Pact in May 1955

  5. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  6. “Ike” inaugurated pres. Jan. 1953 DDE & Sec. of State Jn Foster Dulles both strongly anti-comm. Had campaigned to “roll-back” comm., but could not do this For. Policy named “New Look” that: The “NEW LOOK”: (i.e. Massive Retaliation) Focus on building up massive nuclear supply so Soviets wouldn’t ever dare attack US Pro-actively containing comm. (e.g. SEATO & METO) Extensive use of CIA in covert operations Brinksmanship

  7. Dulles on Brinksmanship “You have to take chances for peace, just as you must take chances in war. Some say that we were brought to the verge of war. Of course we were brought to the verge of war. The ability to get to the verge of war without getting into war is the necessary art. If you cannot master it, you inevitably get into wars. If you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost.” J.F. Dulles 1952 interview w/ Life magazine

  8. Jewish homeland Created in May of 1948 via UN Resolution 181, “The Partition Resolution” Becomes chief US ally in Middle East Strongly anti-communist Regularly at war with Arab neighbors Blowback? Israel

  9. CIA, led by Allen Dulles, initiates Operation Ajax, sending Kermit Roosevelt to coordinate toppling of democratically elected government of Mohammed Mosaddegh in 1953. Leads to 25 year dictatorship under Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the Shah (accused of numerous human rights violations that lead to 1979) more on that later! Blowback? Iran

  10. J.F. Dulles, afraid of “Soviet beachhead in the Western hemisphere” Leftist Arbenzgov’t instigates land reforms that hurt US based Allied Fruit Co. CIA wages campaign to topple Arbenz in 1954 Guatemala • Decades of military dictatorship & civil war follow • UN report blames US • Clinton apologizes in 1990’s • Blowback?

  11. 1954—French defeated by Ho Chi Minh’s forces at Bien DienPhu US refuses to intervene Vietnam • Geneva Conference ‘54 • - Divides Vietnam at 17th Parallel • North—controlled by Ho Chi Minh • South—controlled by US supported group • - Unifying elections promised for 1956 • US won’t let this happen as Ho (communist) would win • - Civil War breaks out

  12. Killian Report (Feb. 1955) • DDE calls for an in-depth study of nation’s defenses (Office of Defense Management– James Killian, chairman) • Killian Report stated: • USSR was ahead in long-range rocketry • USSR would soon secure a nuclear deterrent • US nuclear superiority would not endure (only certain for next 3 to 5 years) • The report suggested that the US: • Rapidly deploy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), “The Atlas Project”, & develop IRBMs • Deploy a distant early warning system (DEW) in Canadian Arctic • Strengthen air defenses • Increase intelligence gathering capabilities

  13. Geneva Summit • July, 1955 is the first meeting of the heads of respective governments since 1945 • The “Spirit of Geneva” DID lead to more cordial relations and some cultural/scientific exchange.

  14. The “Secret Speech” (Feb. 1956) • Delivered behind closed doors @ the 20th Party Congress • Condemned Stalin’s purges • Condemned “cult of personality” • Attempt to consolidate power • Initiates program of “de-Stalinization” Nikita Khrushchev • Kruschev is condemned by Mao as a “revisionist” leads to “Sino-Soviet split” • Further spreads “Kruschev Thaw” giving independent notions to satellite states.

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