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TAXONOMY:

TAXONOMY:. Organizing Life’s Diversity. “Random” Facts. It is estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on this planet. We have named about 1 million animal species, and a half million species of microorganisms and plants. We are further along with some species than others.

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TAXONOMY:

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  1. TAXONOMY: Organizing Life’s Diversity

  2. “Random” Facts • It is estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on this planet. • We have named about 1 million animal species, and a half million species of microorganisms and plants. • We are further along with some species than others.

  3. So how do you organize the diversity of life? • Use your classification skills… • Taxonomy: branch of biology that is concerned with the identifying, naming and classification of organisms

  4. NOT TAXIDERMY!

  5. John Ray, 1600’s: • “When men do not know the name and properties of natural objects – they cannot see and record accurately.”

  6. The Cat of Many Names…

  7. Pumaconcolor

  8. 1700’s • Carl von Linne = Linnaeus • Father of Taxonomy • Systema Naturae

  9. Genus: generic, descriptive of similar species, thought to be the same type of organism Specific Name/epithet: in combo with genus, identifies one specific organism Bufoamericanus Mustellavison Escherichia coli Canus lupus Turdus migratorius Binomial Naming System

  10. Linnaean scheme based on perceived similarities or differences in morphological traits

  11. Species… • Biological species concept • Ecological species concept • Morphological species concept • Genealogical species concept

  12. Olinguito: first mammalian carnivore species newly identified in the Americas in 35 years.

  13. Why does it matter?

  14. Linnaeus: Father of Taxonomy • Binomial system = core organizing unit for classification scheme

  15. Back in the ancient days... • Lumped all livings into two groups: plants and animals • 14 groups – mammals, bird, fish, etc • Subdivided those by size of organisms

  16. 1500’s – 1700’s • Age of European global exploration • Identification and description • Invention of the light microscope (1600’s)

  17. Rethinking Classification • 2 Kingdom System • Plants and Animals • Persisted for quite awhile • Fungi and bacteria = plants • 1800’s, added third = protists

  18. The hierarchy today…(an enhanced version of Linnaeus’ scheme) • Kingdom (most inclusive) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species (most exclusive)

  19. Patterns of Relationships • Higher taxa • Reflect relationships among species

  20. LIONs, tigers, and house cats…

  21. Most general grouping?

  22. Most specific grouping?

  23. Whittaker’s System (circa 1969) • 5 Kingdoms • Today, we say that there are 6 kingdoms • Domains

  24. Let’s practice…group the following objects into two categories:

  25. Then keep breaking them into smaller groups…

  26. Where would this fit in?

  27. Successful for 20+ years… • Recognized two fundamentally different types of cells (pro vs euk) • Levels of organization (uni vs multi) • Recognized three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes based on modes of nutrition

  28. But… • There appeared to be two distinct lines of bacteria (prokaryotes) • There were the nagging protists… • AND…new genetic innovations help complicate things  • And it led to…

  29. Domains: Superkingdoms

  30. Lumpers vs Splitters • You can continue to subdivide categories… • Ex: superorder, order, suborder, and infraorder • and ultimately end up with 30+ different categories that can be used to classify

  31. Take Home Message(s) • Classification today is based on evolutionary relationships • Increased complexity makes more variations possible • More confident in groupings of families down than about relationships among the major groups • This is the “best fit” hypothesis based on the data. • Continually tweaked!

  32. Domain Eukarya • Contain a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Uni and multicellular • Sexual repro common • Huge diversity…

  33. Intro to plant lab…

  34. Most Prokaryotes • Ubiquitous • Mostly unicellular • Cocci, bacilli, helices • 1-5 micrometers • Cell wall = peptidoglycan • Capsule • Pili

  35. Most Prokaryotes cont. • No nucleus – chromosome = circular • Reproduce asexually • Metabolic diversity • Of significant importance to humans

  36. Domain Bacteria • Most diverse and widespread • Most of the known prokaryotes • Every major mode of nutrition and metabolism is represented

  37. Domain Archaebacteria • Thought to originate from earliest cells • Extremophiles • Methanogens • Extreme halophiles • Extreme thermophiles

  38. Domain Eukarya: Protista • Unicellular eukaryotes + “simple” multicellular relatives • 20+ kingdoms? • Mostly aquatic • Nutritionally diverse • Mostly aerobic • Protozoa, Algae, absorptive

  39. Domain Eukarya: Fungi • Multicellular eukaryotes • Saprobes, exoenzymes • Cell wall = chitin • Some are symbiotic • Critical ecosystem value • Commercial value

  40. Domain Eukarya: Plantae • Multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis • Grouped by adaptations to terrestrial living • Cell wall = cellulose

  41. Domain Eukarya: Plantae • Bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, mosses • Embryos remain attached • Nonvascular

  42. Domain Eukarya: Plantae • Seedless Vascular plants: lycophytes, ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns • No seed stage • Require water for reproduction

  43. Domain Eukarya: Plantae • Gymnosperm: Ginkgo, cycads, gnetae, conifers • vascular, naked seeds

  44. Domain Eukarya: Plantae • Angiosperm: bear seeds within protective chambers • FLOWERING PLANTS

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