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Understanding the Cell Biology of Endocrinology: Structures, Functions, and Hormonal Regulation

This comprehensive guide aims to enhance your understanding of the cell biology of endocrinology. It provides a detailed overview of the neuroendocrine system, including embryonic origins, stimuli, and secretory products. You will learn to identify key structures in the lab and understand their functions. The material focuses on various hormone-producing cells within different organs such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. This knowledge will enable you to grasp the intricate mechanisms of hormonal regulation and its implications in health and disease.

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Understanding the Cell Biology of Endocrinology: Structures, Functions, and Hormonal Regulation

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  1. The Cell Biology of Endocrinology

  2. Goals • Help you to • Find structures in lab • Understand what you see • Not forget = remember what you learn • Provide a structural framework for details of function and regulation given in Physiology

  3. General overview of neuroendocrine system • Varied (see charts on pgs EN3 - EN8, syllabus)- • Embryonic origins and locations • Stimuli • Secretory products • Common themes - • 2-3 types of stimuli: • Neural/hormonal • Metabolic • 2 types of secretory products • Non-steroid • Protiens: peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins • Modified amino acids: tyrosine • Steroid

  4. All secrete into tissue space/vascular fluid

  5. VISCERAL/EPITHELIALMODIFIED MUSCLENEURONAL Adenohypophysis Juxtaglomerular Hypothalamus Thyroid apparatus- renin Neurohypophysis Follicular Pineal Parafollicular Adrenal medulla* Parathyroid* Atrial myoctes - atrial Paraganglia* Steroid-secreting natruiretic factor (ANF) Adrenal Cortex Testis - Interstitial cells Ovary - Granulosa cells Theca interna Corpus luteum Placenta Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans Gut endocrine cells*- secretin, etc. Bronchial endocrine cells* Liver - Hepatocytes - somatomedin Skin - Vitamin D Kidney interstital cells Outer cortex - erythropoetin Medulla - prostaglandins Thymus - thymosin, thymopoietin CT Fat cells - leptin *diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) [APUD] amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD)

  6. VISCERAL/EPITHELIALMODIFIED MUSCLENEURONAL Adenohypophysis Juxtaglomerular Hypothalamus Thyroid apparatus- renin Neurohypophysis Follicular Pineal Parafollicular Adrenal medulla* Parathyroid* Atrialmyoctes - atrial Paraganglia* Steroid-secreting natruiretic factor (ANF) Adrenal Cortex Testis - Interstitial cells Ovary - Granulosa cells Theca interna Corpus luteum Placenta Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans Gut endocrine cells*- secretin, etc. Bronchial endocrine cells* Liver - Hepatocytes - somatomedin Skin - Vitamin D Kidney interstital cells Outer cortex - erythropoetin Medulla - prostaglandins Thymus - thymosin, thymopoietin CT Fat cells - leptin *diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) [APUD] amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD)

  7. VISCERAL/EPITHELIALMODIFIED MUSCLENEURONAL Adenohypophysis Hypothalamus Thyroid Neurohypophysis Follicular Pineal Parafollicular Adrenal medulla* Parathyroid* Paraganglia* Steroid-secreting Adrenal Cortex Testis - Interstitial cells Ovary - Granulosa cells Theca interna Corpus luteum Placenta Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans *diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) [APUD, amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation]

  8. Endocrine organs to be covered OrganStimulusSecretory Product Non-steroid Pituitaryprotein/glycoprotein ThyroidNeural/ modified tyrosine Hormonal Adrenal Steroid Cortex MedullaNeural Non- " - mod'd tyrosine Parafollicular cells Parathyroid MetabolicNon-Steroid Pancreas “ + Neuralprotein/polypeptide Today, Tomorrow

  9. autocrine paracrine endocrine

  10. INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS Steroid and thyroid hormones Proteins and modified amino acids

  11. neuroectoderm neuroectoderm pituitary gland: posterior lobe anterior lobe oropharynx ectoderm oropharynx ectoderm Development of the Pituitary Gland (modified)

  12. median eminence pars tuberalis infundibulum pars intermedia pars nervosa pars distalis posterior lobe anterior lobe neurohypophysis adenohypopysis

  13. Herring bodies

  14. Arginine Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone, AVP =ADH and Oxytocin

  15. Hypophysiotropic Hypothalamic Neurohormones Adenohypophyseal Hormones Hypothalamic Neurohormones

  16. Establish Cell/Hormone Association Physicians and Pathologists - Identify patients with growth, metabolic or endocrine abnormalities and process autopsy/biopsy material for microscopy Biochemists - Isolate and purify hormones for testing Physiologists - Characterize physiologic actions of purified pituitary hormone preparations in animal models Histochemistry Histophysiology EM and immunocytochemistry Cell Biologists - Put it all together!

  17. Hormone-secreting cells of the human anterior pituitary

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