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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. CSF 2009 Computer Abstractions and Technology. The Computer Revolution. Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moore’s Law Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 CSF 2009 Computer Abstractions and Technology

  2. The Computer Revolution • Progress in computer technology • Underpinned by Moore’s Law • Makes novel applications feasible • Computers in automobiles • Cell phones • Human genome project • World Wide Web • Search Engines • Computers are pervasive Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 2

  3. Classes of Computers • Desktop computers • General purpose, variety of software • Subject to cost/performance tradeoff • Server computers • Network based • High capacity, performance, reliability • Range from small servers to building sized • Embedded computers • Hidden as components of systems • Stringent power/performance/cost constraints Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 3

  4. The Processor Market Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 4

  5. Innovation Cycle in the Computer Industry Increased Processor performance Larger, morefeature-richsoftware Slowerprograms High-levellangages andprogrammingabstractions Larger Development teams Source: Communications of ACM, May 2009.

  6. What You Will Learn • How programs are translated into the machine language • And how the hardware executes them • The hardware/software interface • What determines program performance • And how it can be improved • How hardware designers improve performance • What is parallel processing Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6

  7. Understanding Performance • Algorithm • Determines number of operations executed • Programming language, compiler, architecture • Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation • Processor and memory system • Determine how fast instructions are executed • I/O system (including OS) • Determines how fast I/O operations are executed Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7

  8. Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8 Below Your Program • Application software • Written in high-level language • System software • Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code • Operating System: service code • Handling input/output • Managing memory and storage • Scheduling tasks & sharing resources • Hardware • Processor, memory, I/O controllers

  9. Levels of Program Code • High-level language • Level of abstraction closer to problem domain • Provides for productivity and portability • Assembly language • Textual representation of instructions • Hardware representation • Binary digits (bits) • Encoded instructions and data Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9

  10. Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10 Components of a Computer • Same components forall kinds of computer • Desktop, server,embedded • Input/output includes • User-interface devices • Display, keyboard, mouse • Storage devices • Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash • Network adapters • For communicating with other computers The BIG Picture

  11. Anatomy of a Computer Output device Network cable Input device Input device Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 11

  12. Anatomy of a Computer Sources: http://rich-sands.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/iphone-07-01-09-1.gifhttp://www.macsparky.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/apple-iphone-keyboard.jpg

  13. Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 13 Anatomy of a Mouse • Optical mouse • LED illuminates desktop • Small low-res camera • Basic image processor • Looks for x, y movement • Buttons & wheel • Supersedes roller-ball mechanical mouse

  14. Through the Looking Glass • LCD screen: picture elements (pixels) • Mirrors content of frame buffer memory Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14

  15. Opening the Box Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15

  16. Inside the Processor (CPU) • Datapath: performs operations on data • Control: sequences datapath, memory, ... • Cache memory • Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16

  17. Inside the Processor AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18

  18. Abstractions The BIG Picture • Abstraction helps us deal with complexity • Hide lower-level detail • Instruction set architecture (ISA) • The hardware/software interface • Application binary interface • The ISA plus system software interface • Implementation • The details underlying and interface Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 19

  19. Abstraction Layers in Computing Source: Communications of ACM, May 2009.

  20. Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21 A Safe Place for Data • Volatile main memory • Loses instructions and data when power off • Non-volatile secondary memory • Magnetic disk • Flash memory • Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)

  21. Networks • Communication and resource sharing • Local area network (LAN): Ethernet • Within a building • Wide area network (WAN: the Internet • Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 24

  22. Technology Trends DRAM capacity • Electronics technology continues to evolve • Increased capacity and performance • Reduced cost Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 25

  23. Technology Trends

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