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From Genes to Proteins

This introduction explores the intricate process of protein synthesis, starting from DNA's coded information to the formation of polypeptide chains. DNA, located within chromosomes in the nucleus, contains genes that encode proteins. The process begins with transcription, where genes are copied into mRNA. This mRNA is then translated into the amino acid language at ribosomes, where tRNA brings the correct amino acids based on codon-anticodon pairing. Dive into animations that illustrate these concepts and enhance your understanding of molecular biology.

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From Genes to Proteins

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Presentation Transcript

  1. From Genes to Proteins Biology 2121

  2. Introduction • To produce a protein: • Assemble amino acid – polypeptide chains • DNA contains the necessary information • DNA makes up chromosomes • Chromosomes contain genes • Chromosomes do not leave the nucleus • Proteinsynthesis occurs on the surface of the ribosomes • Problem: How does the cell get the information to build a protein to the ribosomes?

  3. Transcription • How is the language of DNA made available to the ribosomes to produce proteins? • DNA – genes are copied into mRNA • RNA differs from DNA • Adenine bonds with Uracil • “m” – messenger • Animation • Animation II

  4. mRNA and Transcription • Transcriptionfactors loosen DNA histone proteins and bind to promoter • DNA strand to be copied – “template” • RNA-polymerase assembles nucleotides • RNA is processed • Pre-RNA • Exons: coding sections • Introns: non-coding sections spliced out

  5. Translation • mRNA language is “translated” into the language of aminoacids. • mRNA triplet sections • Codon codes for one amino acid • Assembled on the ribosomes • tRNA – “transfer RNA” • Base pairs with the mRNA codon • Brings correct amino acid to the ribosome surface

  6. The Genetic Code • Codons base pair with anti-codons on tRNA • Complete this mRNA segment: GGC CGA UUU • To identify the correct amino acid use the genetic code

  7. Forming a polypeptide chain • Amino acids are assembled via peptide bonding

  8. Protein Synthesis • Animation

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