Bellwork

1. Bellwork For what reasons do you believe that the French and Indian War, between the French and English, began?

2. Indicators • What were the reasons for colonizing North America? • What were the key differences between Spanish, French, and British colonization? • What were the interactions between American Indians and European settlers? • What political traditions developed in the colonies? • What conflicts occurred between colonial powers for control of North America? • How did mercantilism and the establishment of colonies lead to increased trading during the 17th and 18th centuries?

3. Today: • Bellwork • Review Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights • 5.1 & 5.2 Quiz • Powerpoint • Begin Classwork/Homework: 5.3 Term Sheet DUE! w/ French & Indian War Packet Questions 1-11 Tomorrow: • 5.3 Term Sheet DUE! w/ French & Indian War Packet Questions 1-11 • Map, Forts • Braddock’s Defeat • Packet Questions 12-23 Monday: • Packet Questions 24-33 • Treaty of Paris • Proclamation of 1763 • Reading Studyguide/Review • “Join or Die” & Albany Plan of Union Questions 1-8

4. The French • Quebec: Capital of New France • Montreal: French settlement which started as a fur trading post, became the center of the fur trade • *Most French came on a temporary basis as trappers & traders, learned to live with the native-Americans, inter-married • * Plan to establish a permanent colony of farming families in the St. Lawrence River Valley, grew to 15,000 by 1700

5. French vs. Spanish & English • French North American Empire is based on trade • Did not set out to rule & conquer like the Spanish • Did not transplant institutions like the English

6. French Trade • Ordinary Frenchmen couldn’t own land in New France, only nobles who brought settlers • Riches lay in pelts & hides, not gold or farming! • Fur Trade: popular & depended on American Indian help • Fur Trappers & Traders: learned to live as the Indians did • French Missionaries: Treated Native-Americans with respect

7. The Ohio River Valleyarea becomes disputed! • French, British, and Native Americans • French: • Missionaries & Fur Traders • Want to continue profitable fur trade • Have access to the St. Lawrence & Mississippi Rivers • Join their empire from Canada to Louisiana • Build forts along the rivers to transport furs

8. British: • Pennsylvania fur traders & Virginia Land Co. (land speculators/$$$) • Want to gain on the fur trade and get land to sell for profit! • Native-Americans: • Fur trade, trade for supplies they depend on & land • Want to keep trade partners & hold onto their land!

9. Who should the Native-Americans side with and why? • Choose between the lesser of two evils! • Alliances: the joining together of interests, form • Based on trade patterns

10. Albany Plan of Union • Inspired by growing concern over protection from the French & Native-Americans • By Benjamin Franklin • First formal attempt to unite the colonies • The French are united under one government • “Join, or Die” cartoon published before delegates meet in Albany

11. Join, or Die

12. Outcome • Colonists are not ready for Union • Colonial assemblies want to keep control of local affairs • Colonists: • Not enough power for the colonists! • England: • Too much power for the colonists!

13. Importance • Franklin anticipated many of the problems that the government would face after independence • Finance • Dealing with Indian tribes • Control of commerce • Defense • It contained the seeds of true union & the ideas would be adopted 30 years later!

14. Bellwork If you were a Native-American, would you have sided with the French or British in North America? Why?

15. George Washington • Sent to ask the French to leave “peaceable departure” from the Ohio River Valley • NO! • Force the French out! Control the are, control access to Ohio Valley • Washington retreats & sets up Fort Necessity! • Fort Duquesne, reinforced by French troops, Brits leave, wait at Fort Necessity for reinforcements • Forced to retreat by the French and their allies

16. The French & Indian War • French advance on Fort Necessity • British gunpowder soaked, forced to retreat***1st Battle of the War!!! 1754 • War becomes part of a larger world war known as the Seven Years’ War • Britain and France fought for Europe and in India and North America

17. French Advantages • Controlled access to the interior • St. Lawrence River • Mississippi River • Single colonial government, can act quickly (colonies 13 separate govts.) • Sent ships & professional soldiers rather than depend on military help from the colonists • Loyal Indian Allies • Huron • Algonquin

18. British Strong Points • Population much greater than New France • Along the Atlantic coast easier to defend • Fighting to save homes and land ***British lose Indian allies after loss at Fort Necessity, end up siding with the French and some stay out of the fight!

19. Braddock’s Defeat • 1755 General Edward Braddock made a second attempt to drive the French out! They plan to bombard the fort with their cannons! • Braddock ignores warnings (ambush) • Believes his troops are far superior to N-As • French commander sends out 250 French soldiers and 600 N-A allies, easy targets in RED uniforms!

20. French & Indian War Continued • 1755 Braddock’s Defeat (bad Brit General) • Dies and is buried under the road • 1756 France & England formally declare war (although the fighting actually started in 1754 at Fort Necessity) ***British suffer many defeats!!!

21. William Pitt • Britain’s Secretary of State • 1757 begins to transform the British war effort • Under total British control • Pours $$$ into the war effort • Colonists forced to provide supplies, equipment, shelter and manpower • MUCH resistance for the colonists!

22. 1757 Montcalm (Fr.) defeats Monro (B.) at Fort William Henry • 1758 Montcalm takes FortCarillon…the Brits will take it back in 1759 and rename it Ticonderoga • 1758 Friction between British authorities and colonists threatens the war effort…Pitt relaxes policies, resulting in : Renewed Support & Tide Turns!

23. The Tide Turns • Pitt focuses on 3 main goals: Defeat the French and take control of… • Louisburg • Quebec • Montreal • Also, Native-American allies abandon the French who are outnumbered, confused, exhausted, outgunned, & low on supplies

24. 1758 Louisburg falls to Brits under General Wolfe, 1st significant British victory of the war, & take Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley…rename it Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA) • 1759 Quebec falls to Brits, 18,000 English vs. 14,000 French, Wolfe & Montcalm both die • ***Ranks as one of the most important battles in British & American history • 1760Montreal falls: End of French in Canada (War continues in other parts of world) • A French population does remain behind.

25. Treaty of Paris1763 • Formally ends the war! • The French leave North America! • France turns over her claims in Canada and east of the Mississippi to Great Britain • Spain ceded (gave up) Florida to Britain in return for the French port of New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi

27. French and English CollidePost Pre-War Map Post-War Map

28. Pontiac’s Rebellion1763-1766 Following the Treaty of Paris • The British • Don’t respect the Indians, believe they are superior • Have already taken Indian land & moved onto Indian land in the Ohio Valley • Broken treaties • Proven not to trade fairly & refuse to give gifts like the French had!

29. The Indians: • Became dependent of foreign trade with the French and are now forced to trade with the British • Are angry with the British colonists moving onto their land

30. The Rebellion • Ottawa Chief Pontiac helps to organize Shawnee, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa tribes against the British • They killed hundreds of settlers & take many British Forts • The British retaliate just as brutally against the native-Americans • The rebellion continues for a couple of years and proves it will be difficult for the British to control such a vast (large) territory

31. “Gesture of Peace” • In a “gesture of peace” the British invite the native-Americans to meet with them • Give them gifts of blankets to take back to their tribe • Blankets are infected with smallpox, causing many deaths

32. Proclamation of 1763 • Outcome of the Rebellion… The Proclamation of 1763 • Britain orders colonists NOT to move west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid further fighting • Land is everything to colonist and many are angry with the order • Some go anyways, lots of tension ensues between the colonists & Great Britain

33. Other Outcomes!War & Rebellion • Valuable military experience is gained by many who will fight and lead during the American Revolution, including George Washington! • American Indians will be pushed further westward off their lands. • Settlers continue to move westward! • England is in HUGE DEBT!!!