Good Morning!

1. Good Morning! Take out Bell Ringers 1-3 and 5-11 and make sure they are in order Staple and turn in Get Bell Ringer 12 and get started Turn in your Timeline as well!

2. Reconstruction (1865-1877): Time period directly following the Civil War in which the country reunited

3. The Costs of War • War ended after the Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, April 1865. • Deaths: • 360,000 Union • 260,000 Confederates • Over ½ Million Wounded • Cost over 82 Million Dollars—which was 5 times the total amount the gov’t had spend in the last 80 years

4. Lives Change: • 13th amendment is passed: • Bans slavery • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” 13th Amendment to the Constitution • Soldiers Return Home • Many were severely wounded • Struggle with where to pick back up their life • Urban Population Grows • People move to cities in the North for jobs in industry • Many move West • Want to start over and leave behind the horrors of war • Many families destroyed by deaths of soldiers • Nearly every family in America lost at least one relative in the Civil War

5. Political Changes • Power of the federal gov’t IS supreme! • States do not have the right to secede or nullify. • Extension of Federal Powers: • More involved in the daily lives of Americans • Income tax is first used • Citizens are drafted into military service • Civil liberties were suppressed during the war

6. Economic Changes • Growth of war related industries • Northern industry continues to grow and expand • South’s economy is destroyed • Population is devastated • Currency ($) is worthless • Confederate $$ not exchanged by the US gov’t • Transportation system is destroyed • Gov’t has no authority, under military rule by the federal gov’t • Loss of slave labor

7. Life in the South • Plantation owners hardest hit • Slaves gone, crops destroyed, fortunes lost, homes looted • Land • Some Radicals thought land should be divided and given to slaves as payment for slavery, but land was never given to slaves • Absent idea of “40 acres and a mule” • Sherman had promised this to slaves if they agree to serve on the side of Union • Never followed through on

8. Life After Slavery • Many slaves attempt to leave the plantation • Look for and reunite with family, move to cities and west for work and new opportunities • Many don’t have enough money to buy land or enough money to move away though • Freedman’s Bureau • Established as part of Congressional Reconstruction • Created to help former slaves adjust • Greatest achievement: Provided education and built schools • Also provided shoes, shelter an clothing in addition to helping former slaves and poor whites find work • Never able to help most slaves, ended before Reconstruction was over

9. Plantations Eventually Restored • Many poor cannot afford to leave which led to new forms of work: • Tenant farming: person pays rent to the landowner for using the land • Sharecropping: person gives a portion of the harvest to pay for the land • resembles and replaces slavery • Cotton is no longer king! Tobacco becomes #1 cash crop.

10. Rebuilding • After the Civil War, everything had to be rebuilt and the country had to be reunited. • The South is in RUINS. • In addition to physical devastation of towns and plantations, the South’s political, social, and economic structure had to be rebuilt! • Lincoln begins working on a Reconstruction Plan long before the Civil War is over!

11. Lincoln’s Plan • Known as the 10% Plan • Forgiving peace and leniency towards the South—wants to put country back together quickly • “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds” President Lincoln, 1865 • Granted amnesty (forgiveness to most) • 10% of the state had to take oath • Little mention of former slaves

12. Lincoln’s Assassination • At Ford’s Theatre just 5 days after the war’s end: • John Wilkes Booth — a Southern sympathizer who blamed Lincoln for the South’s problems…assassinates Lincoln! • Lincoln died at 7:22 am the next morning • He was the first president to be assassinated • Much of the public in the Union states were devastated • Andrew Johnson (VP) is sworn in as President

13. Reconstruction Continues • Johnson takes over Reconstruction • Johnson tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with a few additions • Neither plan passes in Congress • While Reconstruction is fought about between Johnson and Congress, the South tries to reorganize under Lincoln’s Plan • Southern Politics • Black Codes are adopted to restrict rights • Many of the same leaders elected to office • Blacks are denied most rights • Many people of the Union saw little change and begin to question Reconstruction and the outcome of the war

14. Reconstruction Continues • Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Proposed a harsher plan for Reconstruction which included martial law, the ban of former leaders, and stricter requirements from states • Plan is pocket vetoed by Lincoln • Radical Republicans • Formed to oppose Lincoln and the leniency towards the South • Group within Congress that wanted to punish the South and destroy the previous power of slave owners • Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner • Group will grow in power as the North sees little change in the South

15. Power Struggle: 1866 Elections • Many Radical Republicans win office because of race riots in the South • Congress refuses to admit new southern delegates because they are the same leaders as before the Civil War • Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 over Johnson’s veto. • Civil Rights Act of 1866—guarteened citizenship to all African American men • Again, Congresses bypasses Johnson’s vetoes to pass the 14th Amendment • 14th amendment: grated citizenship and equal rights to all men • After elections of 1866, Radical Republicans control Congress with a majority • Congressional Reconstruction will begin despite Johnson’s vetoes

16. Congressional Reconstruction • Reconstruction Act of 1867: • Overrides the President • Military rule of the South • Protection for former Slaves • Freedman’s Bureau • Bans former Confederate leaders from office • Regulations for states to rejoin • Write a new state constitution and hold new elections • Ratify the 13th and 14th amendments • New Government • Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican Party • Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved South to take advantage of situation • Voting Rights Established: Several African Americans are elected to local and state gov’t. Hiram Revels if first African American elected to the Senate

17. Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson continues to veto Congress’ bills • Radical Republicans seek a reason to impeach him and pass the Tenure of Office Act • Tenure of Office Act: a president can’t fire appointed staff during the appointed term without the Senate’s approval • Johnson tests the legality of the Tenure of Office Act • Johnson fires the Sec. of War • Congress moves to impeach him • Johnson is impeached but found not guilty by one vote • Johnson serves the rest of his term without having any real effect on policy

18. CAUSESEFFECTS The Civil War