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The Bodies Defense

The Bodies Defense. “ D- “. Lymphatic system System of canals and filters that purify the blood. Old RBCs and Bacterial cells Lymph: ICF Intercellular fluid, bathes body cells Lymph Vessels Lymph nodes: Tiny filters Organs: Tonsils, adenoids, spleen

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The Bodies Defense

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  1. The Bodies Defense “D- “

  2. Lymphatic system System of canals and filters that purify the blood. Old RBCs and Bacterial cells Lymph: ICF Intercellular fluid, bathes body cells Lymph Vessels Lymph nodes: Tiny filters Organs: Tonsils, adenoids, spleen (the bodies filtering and recycling station) Immune System designed to protect the body from current and future invasions. Lymphocytes T-cells, B-cells Phagocytes (the bodies watch dog) The Bodies Defense “D- “

  3. Rhinovirus Airborne; direct contact with infected person Two types (A, B), plus subtypes Airborne; droplet infection; direct contact with infected person Varicella Airborne; direct contact with infected person Droplets in air; direct contact with secretions of infected person Paramyxovirus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Droplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products Direct contact with a carrier Neisseria meningitidis Vibrio cholerae Contaminated drinking water Contaminated wound; usually puncture wound Clostridium tetani Trypanosoma Spread by tsetse fly Plasmodium Spread by Anopheles mosquitoes Entamoeba histolytica Contaminated drinking water Schistosoma Freshwater streams and rice paddies Taenia saginata Contaminated meat Imperfect fungi Contact with infected person Exchange of hats, combs, or athletic head gear with infected person Imperfect fungi Pathogens and Disease Section 40-1 Pathogen Types Agent That Causes Disease Method of Transmission Disease Common cold Viruses Influenza Chickenpox Measles Bacteria Tuberculosis Meningitis Cholera Tetanus Protists African sleeping sickness Malaria Amoebic dysentery Worms Schistosomiasis Beef tapeworm Fungi Athlete’s foot Ringworm

  4. TheLymphaticSystem

  5. Do Now Identify 4 structures of the lymphatic system

  6. Tonsils The Lymphatic System Adenoid Lymph Nodes Thymus Thoracic Duct Spleen Appendix Bone Marrow

  7. Tonsils The Spleen

  8. Tonsils and Adenoids Adenoids are masses of tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity (they are not visible except with a special instrument used by a health professional). Both tonsils and adenoids are part of the system that helps the body to fight infection (the lymphatic system). They are located near the entrance of the breathing passages so that they will come into contact with bacteria and viruses that come in through the mouth and nose. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with the tonsils or adenoids, the body's immune system can begin to work by producing antibodies

  9. Tonsils and Adenoids

  10. Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth, and throat (pharynx). There are three groups of tonsils. The pharyngeal tonsils are located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx. When these tonsils become enlarged they may interfere with breathing and are called adenoids. The palatine tonsils are the ones that are located near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue, which also places them near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils provide protection against harmful substances and pathogens that may enter the body through the nose or mouth. Tonsils and Adenoids

  11. The Spleen The spleen is part of the circulatory and the lymphatic systems. Found between the stomach and the diaphragm. Produces certain types of blood cells Removes blood cells and bacteria from the blood.

  12. Immunity D-

  13. Immunity • The ability of the body to resist a particular disease. Ex. Bacterial, fungal, Viral, etc. • Or not get kicked off of survivor!

  14. Immunity • Milkmaids who contracted cowpox seemed not to catch smallpox? • 1796 Edward Jenner tested a theory • He injected fluid from a cowpox sore into the small cut of his young male assistant. • He developed cowpox. • He then injected the boy with the fluid from a small pox sore • He remained healthy

  15. Immunity • Cowpox, (recoverable) • Smallpox (Fatal) Both are caused by closely related viruses

  16. Immunity The boy was introduced to a weakened or mild form of the disease. His body was able to develop a defense against it. Jenner developed the method of Vaccination to give people immunity to small pox. This method was later extended to the prevention of many other diseases.. • What did this Prove?? • HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???

  17. How does Immunity work? • The body must have the ability to distinguish “self” from “NON-self cells.(Foreign cells) • When the body detects NON-self or foreign cells an IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs. **These non-self cells are calledANTIGENS.** • The body does this by identifying the proteins that make up the antigens surface. (Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids also may be identified) • HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???

  18. Your body must fight of this antigen • Phagocytes have already started engulfing the antigens. NON-specifically • Lymphocytes are called in that recognize and try to destroy antigens.

  19. Types of Immunity

  20. Antigen Processing. • When the macrophage eats bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains and are then "displayed" on the macrophage surface.

  21. 2. Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same antigen on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production.

  22. 3. Antibody Production. The stimulated B cell undergoes enlargement and differentiation to form antibodies. A specific antigen recognition of the invader causes an antibody to bind to the bacteria making them easier to ingest by white cells.

  23. A human macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow). Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte. Both macrophages and lymphocytes can be found near an infection An immune response

  24. The Immune Response (1) 1 . The immune response begins when a white blood cell called a macrophage encounters a virus and consumes it. Meanwhile, other viruses look for nearby cells to infect.

  25. The Immune Response (2) 2 . Next, the macrophage digests the virus and displays pieces of the virus called antigens on its surface. Nearby cells have now become infected by the attacking viruses.

  26. The Immune Response (3) 3 . Unique among the many different helper T cells (another class of white blood cells) in the body one particular helper T cell now recognizes the antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.

  27. The Immune Response (4) 4 . This union stimulates the production of chemical substances that allow intercellular communication. Such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by the macrophage, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-y) by the T cell

  28. The Immune Response (5) 5 . As part of the continuing process, IL-2 instructs other helper T's and a different class of T cells, the killer T's, to multiply. The proliferating helper T's in turn release substances that cause B cells to multiply and produce antibodies.

  29. The Immune Response (6) 6 . The killer T cells now begin shooting holes in host cells that have been infected by viruses.

  30. The Immune Response (7) 7 . The antibodies released by the B cells bind to antigens on the surfaces of free-floating viruses. Besides making it easier for macrophages to destroy viruses, this binding signals blood components called complement to puncture holes in the viruses.

  31. The Immune Response (8) 8 . Finally, as the infection is brought under control, the activated T and B cells are turned off by suppressor T cells. However, a few "memory cells" remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.

  32. Do Now: In you own words Please explain this graph. Hint: Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Section 40-2 Interval between exposures Antibody Concentration First exposure Second exposure Time

  33. Figure 40–7 The Inflammatory Response Section 40-2 Wound Skin Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris Bacteria enter the wound Capillary

  34. Video 1 Video 1 Inflammatory Response

  35. Figure 40–8 Structure of an Antibody Section 40-2 Antigen-binding sites Antigen Antibody

  36. Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity Section 40-2 First Exposure

  37. Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity Section 40-2 First Exposure Second Exposure

  38. Video 2 Humoral Immunity

  39. Figure 40–10 Cell-Mediated Immune Response Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells Macrophage T cell binds to activated macrophage Killer T Cell Helper T Cell T Cell T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell Antigens are displayed on surface of macrophage Infected Cell Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them

  40. Video 3 Video 3 Cell-Mediated Immunity

  41. Immunity 8 .

  42. Interest Grabber continued Section 40-3 • as allergies. • 2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold? • 3. What types of objects are people allergic to? • 4. How are allergies treated?

  43. 40–3 Immune System Disorders A. Allergies B. Asthma C. Autoimmune Diseases D. AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease 1. The Virus That Causes AIDS 2. Transmission of HIV 3. Preventing HIV Infection 4. Can AIDS Be Cured?

  44. Video 1 Video 1 Inflammatory Response

  45. A. Allergies • An over reaction by the immune system. • Allergens: • pollen, mold spores, dust + dust mites, FOOD • Mast cells  "mastzellen," "feeding-cells  wrong meaning!!!!! • Specialized cells that initiate INFLAMATION response to protect tissues • They Secrete HISTAMINE which: • Increases blood flow • Increases mucus production in air ways • Leads to sneezing • Runny nose • Watery eyes

  46. B. Asthma

  47. B. Asthma • Narrowing of Air Passage ways • Due to Genetics and Environment • Leads to Wheezing, coughing, • Triggered by exercise, colds, pollen, dust, smoke • Leading cause of illness in children

  48. B. Asthma

  49. C. Autoimmune Diseases • Immune system makes a mistake and attacks (using antibodies) the body’s own cells • It produces an autoimmune disease: • Type 1 Diabetes: attack insulin producing cells of panaceas • Rhematoid arthritis: attacks connective tissues around joints • Myasthenia gravis: nerve cell junctions, acetylcholine • Multiple sclerosis: Destroys nerve and brain cellsin specific areas • Lupus: Varies form mostly systemic • Immune Suppressive drug treatments

  50. Stages of HIV Infection Section 40-3 Loss of immunefunction moreapparent; appearanceof characteristic diseases such asyeast infections Infection;Immune system eliminates most of HIV Almost total loss of cellular immunity; AIDS Symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, are few Relative HIV concentration T cell concentration Years

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