THE ROARING TWENTIES (1920-1929)

1. Chapter 13 THE ROARING TWENTIES(1920-1929) Section 1: Prohibition America Section 2: A Changing Population Section 3: America at Play Section 4: The Arts

2. Section 1:Prohibition America OBJECTIVES • What social changes occurred in the lives of young Americans after World War I? • What led to prohibition, and how did Americans respond? • What issues united Protestant groups in the 1920’s, and what issues divided them?

3. The Roaring twentiesBy Mrs. StewartSung to the tune This Old Man Prohibition it was fun It changed things for everyone You could not buy beer, or wine, or liquor of any kind It was a very gang filled time! There were women called flappers They were pals with the bootleggers You could not sell beer, or wine, or liquor of any kind It was a very gang filled time! An illegal club – a speakeasy Is where you could go feel free Here you could drink beer, or wine, or liquor of any kind It was a very gang filled time!

4. Section 1:Prohibition America Young Americans and Social Changes After World War I • As more children attended school, the lives of many young Americans changed. • High schools offered a wider range of courses and new extracurricular activities. • Technology, such as radio broadcasts and the automobile, changed teenagers’ lives.

5. Section 1:Prohibition America (continued) Young Americans and Social Changes After World War I • Many young Americans broke away from the traditional dress and behavior and some women became flappers – young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior.

6. SECTION 1 Prohibition America Changes Affect the Lives of Young Americans Changes in Public Education wider range of classes; job-training courses; extracurricular activities such as sports and dances popular music spread by radio; young people given more mobility by autos; more time spent with friends, less with families Changes in Technology

7. Section 1:Prohibition America Debate Over Alcohol • Urban and rural Americans disagreed over prohibition – the banning of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. • Groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union claimed that alcohol led to crime, poverty, and the breakup of families. • By 1917, liquor sales had been banned in 19 states. • WWI and anti-German feelings tipped popular support in favor of prohibition.

8. Section 1:Prohibition America (continued) Debate Over Alcohol • Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment in December 1917. • Alcohol related crimes and problems developed such as bootlegging and speakeasies – secret illegal clubs that served alcohol. Eighteenth Amendment – Constitutional amendment that outlawed the Production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the U.S.

9. Section 1:Prohibition America Protestants and Issues There were issues that the Protestants agreed and disagreed upon. • Protestant groups agreed on prohibition. • Protestants groups were divided on: • how to read the Bible which led to the modernist versus the fundamentalist views • Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the biblical account of creation

10. Section 1:Prohibition America The Scopes Trial (1925) John T. Scopes, a high school science teacher who was arrested in Dayton, Tennessee, and tried for teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution. Clarence Darrow

11. Section 2:A Changing Population OBJECTIVES. • How did nativism affect immigration after World War I? • What problems did minority groups face in the 1920’s, and how did they respond to these problems? • How did women’s political opportunities change during the 1920’s?

12. Section 2:A Changing Population Nativism and Immigration • Following WWI a wave of nativism, or strong anti-immigrant feeling, swept the country. • Anti-immigrant issues led to the Immigration Act of 1924– legislation that blocked Japanese immigration and set quotas for other nations based on the 1890 census; favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. • Growing dislike of immigrants helped bring about the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan.

13. SECTION 2 A Changing Population Causes of Nativism: • 1. postwar recession • 2. job competition • 3. fear of radical ideas • 4. fear of different cultures Results of Nativism: • 1. Emergency Quota Act, 1921 • 2. Immigration Act, 1924

14. Section 2:A Changing Population Minorities Challenge Discrimination • African Americans faced job discrimination and the threat of violence in the Great Migration – mass migration of some 500,000 African Americans to mid-western and northern U.S. cities during and after WWI. • The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called attention to discrimination through the courts and writings.

15. Section 2:A Changing Population (continued) Minorities Challenge Discrimination • Marcus Garvey organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the U.S. and supported Black Nationalism. • Mexican Americans faced job discrimination and economic problems.

16. Section 2:A Changing Population (continued) Minorities Challenge Discrimination • American Indians suffered economic difficulties and social discrimination. • American Indians could not vote because they were not U.S. citizens. This led to the Indian Citizenship Act (June 1924) – which gave all them the legal right to vote.

17. Section 2:A Changing Population Politics and Women in the 1920’s • In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment allowed women to have a direct effect on national politics and to become political leaders. • In 1924 Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first woman governor. • In December 1923 the National Woman’s Party (NWP) proposed a new Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution.

18. Section 3:America at Play OBJECTIVES. • How did the mass media, movies, and radio, affect American culture? • What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920’s? • Who were the new celebrities of the 1920’s, and how did Americans respond to them?

19. Section 3:America at Play Mass Media, Movies, Radio, and American Culture • Mass media helped the development and spread of fads. • Across the country, people read the same magazine and newspaper articles and viewed the same advertisements. • By 1929 there were radios in more than 10 million households broadcasting music, news, and sports.

20. Section 3:America at Play (continued) Mass Media, Movies, Radio, and American Culture • While cultural differences remained, these shared experiences helped bridge the gap. • By 1928 there were some 20,000 movie theaters in the U.S. and 80 million Americans went to the movie each week.

21. Section 3:America at Play Popular Forms of Entertainment in the 1920’s • Movies, especially talkies – movies with music or dialogue – thrilled Americans. • Americans enjoyed organized sports on the college and professional level. • Professional athletes like George “Babe” Ruth were admired by Americans. • Celebrities like Charles Lindbergh, who was the first person to fly alone across the Atlantic, amused Americans.

22. SECTION 3 Celebrity Responses Movies Sports Other America at Play Mickey Mouse Mary Pickford Greta Garbo Douglas Fairbanks Clara Bow Rudolph Valentino Americans became fascinated with them. Jim Thorpe Gertrude Ederle Helen Wills Red Grange Babe Ruth Satchel Paige Josh Gibson Cool Papa Bell Americans admired their abilities. Charles Lindbergh Amelia Earhardt Americans admired their bravery.

23. Section 4:The Arts OBJECTIVES • What new achievements did African American artists and writers make in the 1920’s? • How did some writers express their views of American society after World War I? • What were some of the major developments in architecture and the visual arts in the 1920’s?

24. Section 4:The Arts New Achievements of African American Artists and Writers in the 1920’s • In the 1920’s, Harlem became a major center of African American cultural activity. • Through their work, artists of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. Harlem Renaissance – period of great African American artistic achievement in the 1920’s; named for the Harlem neighborhood in New York City

25. Section 4:The Arts (continued) New Achievements of African American Artist and Writers in the 1920’s • African American writers found new publications to showcase their work such as the NAACP magazine The Crisis. • Harlem Renaissance artists, including Aaron Douglas who experimented with cubist methods, drew from their culture and history in their works.

26. SECTION 4 Origins: Swing/Big Band Cab Calloway The Arts Origins: • 1. rural Mississippi River delta • 2. based on spirituals and work chants Origins: • 1. southern cities such as New Orleans • 2. ragtime • 3. West African folk music Blues Musicians W.C. Handy Bessie Smith Mamie Smith Ma Rainie Jazz Musicians King Oliver Jelly Roll Morton Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Benny Goodman Paul Whiteman George Gershwin

27. Section 4:The Arts Writers View’s of American Society After World War I • Through their work, writers of the Harlem Renaissance expressed their frustration with and anger at racial inequality. • They also demonstrated pride and hope for the future. • The violence of WWI was the subject of many writers of the 1920’s.

28. Section 4:The Arts (continued) Writers View’s of American Society After World War I • Ernest Hemingway wrote about the horrors of WWI. • Some authors believed that Americans no longer cared about the democratic ideals for which the war had been fought. • Others felt that American culture had become too devoted to greed and money.

29. Section 4:The Arts Major Developments in Architecture and the Visual Arts in the 1920’s • Leading artists broke away from traditional styles to explore new techniques and subjects. • Pablo Picasso helped create a new style of art called cubism. • Other artists focused on nontraditional subjects. For example, artist Edward Hopper painted urban scenes. • By the 1920’s photography as an art form had gained popularity.

30. Section 4:The Arts Major Developments in Architecture and the Visual Arts in the 1920’s • Architecture in the 1920’s had a “modernistic” style that later became known as art deco which included numerous vertical and zig-zag design elements. • New building methods led to a boom in the building of skyscrapers.

31. CHAPTER 13 Chapter Wrap-Up 1. Why did U.S. immigration policy change during the 1920s? 2. How did new developments in technology affect the lives of Americans in the 1920s? 3. How did African Americans contribute to the cultural changes the United States experienced during the 1920s?