Plants Classification & Structure and Function January 25, 2014 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen

1. Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant) Plants Classification & Structure and Function January 25, 2014 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon

2. Pre-test Q and A board What is vascular tissue? How are plants classified? What makes flowering plants so special?

3. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards • SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. • Benchmark Clarifications • Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.

4. Item Specs • Content Limits • Items will assess the function of plant tissues and organs in the context of physiological processes. • Items will not assess specific functions of structures within organs and tissues in isolation. • Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones. • Items referring to physiological processes are limited to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth, and reproduction. • Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic, ground, dermal, and vascular tissues. • Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium, guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata, xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal, filament, anther, style, and stigma. • Items will not address or assess mitosis or meiosis.

5. VimeoIntroduction to Plants • Introduction of Plants

6. Plant Classification Carousel Activity

7. Monocot vs. Dicot Jigsaw activity

8. 10 minutes!! Don’t be late!

9. Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems. • Meristematic cells- undifferentiated plant cells that can divide and differentiate to form specialized cells. • give rise to all three fundamental mature cell types.

10. Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types. • Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type. • store starch, oils andwater • help heal wounds tothe plant • have thin flexible walls

11. Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant. • they are strong and flexible. • celery strings are strands of collenchyma. • they have unevenly thick cell walls.

12. Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type. • second cell wall hardened by lignin • die when they reach maturity • used by humans to make linen and rope

13. Types of plant cells

14. stem leaf root Plant organs are made of three tissue systems. • Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. • protects the plant • secretes cuticle of leaves • forms outer bark of trees

15. stem leaf root • Ground tissue is found inside a plant. • provides support • stores materials in roots and stems • Make up most of the inside of a plant

16. stem leaf root • Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds. • two networks of hollow tubes • xylem transports water and minerals (WXY) • phloem transports photosynthetic products

17. tracheid vessel element The Vascular System Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem. • Xylem contains specialized cells. • xylem cells die at maturity

18. The Vascular System • The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement. • Plants passively transport water through the xylem. • Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other. • Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.

19. The Vascular System • Water travels from roots to the top of trees. • cohesion and adhesion in xylem • absorption occurs at roots through osmosis • transpiration at leaves

20. The Vascular System • Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through leaves. • water vapor exits leaf stomata • helps pull water to the top branches • Major force creates a vacuum that pulls water up.

21. The Vascular System Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. • Phloem contains specialized cells. • unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive • Source: Chloroplast in leaves • Sugar is pumped into phloem and water flows into phloem through osmosis. • Sink: roots, leaves and stems, fruits and tubers

22. Plant Organs: Roots, Stems and Leaves KEY CONCEPTRoots and stems form the support system of vascular plants. Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.

23. Parts of Plants foldable

24. Roots and Stems Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients and water from soil. • Roots provide many functions. • support the plant • absorb, transport, and store nutrients • root hairs tiny extensions of dermal cells that absorb water through osmosis • Meristem - composed of rapidly multiplying cells. • Root cap - envelope that protects the root as it pushes through the soil.

25. Roots, Stems and Leaves • There are two main types of roots. • Taproot systems have one main root. • Fibrous root systems have fine branches.

26. Baobab trees Cactus Roots and Stems Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Stems have many functions. • support leaves and flowers • house most of the vascular system • store water

27. Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers Roots and Stems Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Stems have many functions. • support leaves and flowers • house most of the vascular system • store water • grow underground for storage

28. Strawberry stolons Roots and Stems Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Stems have many functions. • support leaves and flowers • house most of the vascular system • store water • grow underground for storage • form new plants

29. Meristematic tissue • Areas within the plant that are capable of growth (cell division) are called meristems. • Primary Growth • Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips in areas called apical meristems. • Secondary Growth • Lateral meristems produce new cells that make the stems and roots thicker. • There are two kinds of lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. These lateral meristems form as rings within the plant body as the stem increases in thickness.

30. Roots and Stems • Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis. • Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

31. blade petiole Leaves Most leaves share some similar structures. • The blade is usually broad and flat. • Top of leaves are primarily for collecting sunlight for photosynthesis • Stomata are located on the underside of leaves and are for gas exchange and transpiration • Petiole- connects the leaf to the stem

32. Leaves • Leaves have many adaptations. • for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles • for water loss,ex: cactus spines • for aquatic environments, ex: water lily • for getting food,ex: Venus’ flytrap

33. cuticle upper epidermis palisademesophyll spongymesophyll lowerepidermis Leaves • Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.

34. 21.4 Leaves stoma guard cells • Guard cells surround each stoma. • Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape. • When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges. • Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.

36. Stomata lab

37. Domino Vocabulary Review

38. Reproduction in Flowering Plants KEY CONCEPTReproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

39. Flower foldable

40. petal Reproduction in Flowering Plants Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. • Petals are modified leaves. • Petals can help to attract animal pollinators • Colors are like neon lights on a landing strip

41. Sepal are modified leaves that protect the developing flower.

42. Reproduction in Flowering Plants • A stamen is the male structure of the flower. • anther produces pollen grains • filament supports the anther

43. Reproduction in Flowering Plants • The innermost layer of a flower is the female pistil (carpel). • stigma is sticky tip • style is tube leading from stigma to ovary • ovary produces female gametophyte

45. FLOWER STRUCTURE Pollination begins when a pollen grain sticks to the stigma----which is sticky. STAMEN Male reproductive structure ANTHER Produces pollen FILAMENT Supporting stalk CARPEL Female reproductive structure STIGMA Sticky tip STYLE Elongated stalk OVARY Contains the ovules Flower Dissection

46. Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen. • many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators pollen grains Color patterns Flower structure Odor Nectar • pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower • animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

47. Reproduction in Flowering Plants Fertilization takes place within the flower. • Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. • One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary. pollen grain

48. pollen tube sperm stigma Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma. • one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube • other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube

49. female gametophyte egg sperm polar nuclei ovule Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. Double Fertilization

50. endosperm seed coat embryo 22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. • one sperm fertilizes the egg • other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm • endosperm provides food supply for embryo • The main purpose of the seed in plants that have them is to protect the and distribute the zygote